tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-53493865299980288372024-03-19T04:21:45.132-07:00Living Better for the Futurenawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-84992176801454965992013-09-12T00:31:00.002-07:002013-09-12T00:31:51.023-07:00Final Score for Listening 2 n English PhoneticsListening 2 is <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/22941416/Listening22012.pdf.html">here</a><br />
English Phonetics n Phonology is <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/22941415/Phonetics2012new.pdf.html">here</a>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-75222823489069325972013-09-11T23:10:00.001-07:002013-09-12T00:18:52.882-07:00The Final score (Phonetics n Listening 2The Final score for Engliah Phonetics and Listening<br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/22941415/Phonetics2012new.pdf.html%20%20http://www.ziddu.com/download/22941416/Listening22012.pdf.html">http://www.ziddu.com/download/22941415/Phonetics2012new.pdf.html http://www.ziddu.com/download/22941416/Listening22012.pdf.html</a>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-21324858978474520712013-07-15T01:16:00.002-07:002013-07-15T01:16:20.094-07:00Nilai Pusba 2013 kelas c5 n C6Nilai Pusba 2013 kelas c5 n C6 <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/22556235/NILAIPUSBAC5-C62013.doc.html">disini</a><br />
<br />
<br />nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-19200540799681265332013-04-30T23:51:00.000-07:002013-04-30T23:51:16.278-07:00Listening 2 task (1)Listening task for 3rd May, 2013 can be downloaded in these links<br />1. Hiking Fami<span id="goog_2141082862"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"></a><span id="goog_2141082863"></span>ly <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/22112891/Track11-AHikingFamily.mp3.html">here</a><br />2. Breakfast <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/22112894/Track12-BreakfastRecipes.mp3.html">here</a><br />
3. Dinner Time <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/22112893/Track13-DinnerTime.mp3.html">here</a><br />
4. Emergency Call <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/22112892/Track14-EmergencyCall.mp3.html">here</a><br />
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<br />nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-43986448029210846872013-02-15T12:30:00.000-08:002013-05-04T00:16:07.211-07:00Restorasi taft Hiline family Wagon 4x4 1994<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtwfOBjSJ9EGN5jPFMX2zAPHfHWePNm_t3BjPckJBssQhZj-2WUh3sO_mCRVulQia7RnysANeIfWG_sPNkNpqsmPHemKAEL-_HIP6XQ3GM7Ve-u2ufbygrUASPfuRiwX-3oyu6N-6CR8/s1600/24042013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtwfOBjSJ9EGN5jPFMX2zAPHfHWePNm_t3BjPckJBssQhZj-2WUh3sO_mCRVulQia7RnysANeIfWG_sPNkNpqsmPHemKAEL-_HIP6XQ3GM7Ve-u2ufbygrUASPfuRiwX-3oyu6N-6CR8/s320/24042013.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Sebuah kebanggaan tersendiri memiliki taft, besutan Daihatsu.<br />
mobil yang gagah, cocok untuk segala medan n tidak ketinggalan zaman, malah menjadi trend tersendiri.<br />
Saya, memiliki mobil ini dengan impian yang sangat. Terlebih mobil taft yang saya miliki adalah Taft Family Wagon 4x4 dan juga masih rakitan agak lumayan baru 1994. Merupakan taft yang sangat jarang, karena taft yang ii memiliki sasis panjang juga memiliki double gardan, sehingga banyak peminatnya.<br />
Mobil ini masih dalam tahap restorasi (bangun ulang), dengan perubahan dan perbaikan dibeberapa sisi serta penambahan variasi yang semakin membuat garang n gagah mobil ini nantinya.<br />
Budget yang saya persiapkan untuk restorasi mobil inipun tidak cukup sediit, coz akan sesuai dengan finishing yang saya harapkan.<br />
Prosess restorasi dapat dilihat di beberapa gambar berikut.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGgCPOupD2QCXzvHYuxzdn0jYQ62yZ5h6Os3_YofETo7THsVVNYQF5o01732lEAdLXClNRVuTBqVSJM1qYiVfXZy9UiTnEnrSK0b51zvHpS3n9xWWNRzODhFmC79Q0Hm6nytZyYtVtE8Q/s1600/04092012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGgCPOupD2QCXzvHYuxzdn0jYQ62yZ5h6Os3_YofETo7THsVVNYQF5o01732lEAdLXClNRVuTBqVSJM1qYiVfXZy9UiTnEnrSK0b51zvHpS3n9xWWNRzODhFmC79Q0Hm6nytZyYtVtE8Q/s320/04092012.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
ini adalah kondisi awal mobil saya terima dari sang empu sebelumnya,<br />
Ada beberapa keropos di body, maklum mobil ini kurang terawat, karena sang empunya sebelumnya adalah JURAGAN juga tinggal di pinggiran pantai.<br />
secara fisik, mobil masih layak untuk melaju di jalanan kota, Kondisi BAN masih ok, terlebih mesinpun tidak bermaslah.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxVTUpsy8fZHuotZRQIn0K9yZgZ-2jvVF15f-xUKoGQmqJk4qC_j8C0P6-nbzOAIpnQnyjh0aIhajzU93dPYp3Z0uwDiFoNdeW-kTEldCwEhsIuWm8md8LMX0JfBoDdHsqFUDSWd9cbAA/s1600/29122012(010).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxVTUpsy8fZHuotZRQIn0K9yZgZ-2jvVF15f-xUKoGQmqJk4qC_j8C0P6-nbzOAIpnQnyjh0aIhajzU93dPYp3Z0uwDiFoNdeW-kTEldCwEhsIuWm8md8LMX0JfBoDdHsqFUDSWd9cbAA/s320/29122012(010).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Muali pembongkaran bagian depan untuk diganti Bumper depannya juga bagian body samping<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUdG8p7A6oJNGDpuQNoUGMsWQoywNf5Ff2uIdyHG05te_wmNAQs1-TUjZSqDkBdYj24hoQFDyo6sikBWkupN3VUSVk1xZw-rJYvhOi9lLA4lMV6L4KkkwXO1wBpTIDhxPotVCbvuql_4Q/s1600/10012013(002).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUdG8p7A6oJNGDpuQNoUGMsWQoywNf5Ff2uIdyHG05te_wmNAQs1-TUjZSqDkBdYj24hoQFDyo6sikBWkupN3VUSVk1xZw-rJYvhOi9lLA4lMV6L4KkkwXO1wBpTIDhxPotVCbvuql_4Q/s320/10012013(002).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Bumper depan diganti dengan yang lebih garang<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxs07KrEtz5yk0vLGryXAO6sIKKsKbdQmuG470jKF7NT8SQGv2JxUO2Zz5EKLKNApTh3Jrp3uR3wk7KzT5CfAWMJITKoWdv8TzpCNNX-mQBfnwH2Q_Ljk_KF_57SFOgfQak-sKZt0R5U/s1600/06022013(002).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxs07KrEtz5yk0vLGryXAO6sIKKsKbdQmuG470jKF7NT8SQGv2JxUO2Zz5EKLKNApTh3Jrp3uR3wk7KzT5CfAWMJITKoWdv8TzpCNNX-mQBfnwH2Q_Ljk_KF_57SFOgfQak-sKZt0R5U/s320/06022013(002).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
serta dibagian sisi body<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6PSxjcXqRnLrT38kh2o_ZubZ9lmcKjeDSy26-dgbWCZ7hsIQhrN6naYRuwJvqzssNY-TVHKH5QEpyZXBGhNicUKatlgzRHoJSaLvvCUtbA84x1Kh7BYI3qnqauTvERO4C-Byvn6qDBYQ/s1600/10012013(004).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6PSxjcXqRnLrT38kh2o_ZubZ9lmcKjeDSy26-dgbWCZ7hsIQhrN6naYRuwJvqzssNY-TVHKH5QEpyZXBGhNicUKatlgzRHoJSaLvvCUtbA84x1Kh7BYI3qnqauTvERO4C-Byvn6qDBYQ/s320/10012013(004).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
setelah perapian dibody baru ke tahap pendempulan<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisy0Rq-Y63AWKGF1vSrJQhm3LLb-ey0c5ux41n_xP3tXYrrkXUIUPBPXKwpG3WeVZRUxuagxYrB_rzyso5UlnGkv7DBne1yOIJx4wEJ2gG-gDSSSd3-adHfu7hoTAsTo_Gbo4C5oldqls/s1600/29012013%2528003%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisy0Rq-Y63AWKGF1vSrJQhm3LLb-ey0c5ux41n_xP3tXYrrkXUIUPBPXKwpG3WeVZRUxuagxYrB_rzyso5UlnGkv7DBne1yOIJx4wEJ2gG-gDSSSd3-adHfu7hoTAsTo_Gbo4C5oldqls/s320/29012013%2528003%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Ok, baru itu tahap restorasi yang dialami oleh My taft,<br />
sudah disiapkan Roofrack, Lampu tembak melekat di rak ada 2, lampu Srobo 2, juga lampu tembak yang dipasang di kap.<br />
taft family wagon ini akan berubah warnanya menjadi merah dengan percampuran warna hitam di sisi pinggirnya.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCZL57MRpsl7zlhqX-KBH-D7CERIZl294eNyX8ZccJneFxKqvTmvN3IQUS5tbchk6SGkMdM8mbKiezbS-PiBj0s_XU1CwChU76J2C8TxssGwUNU_3i-lTM2MOLqrJRxDeEIgb-aK2DxQg/s1600/24042013(002).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCZL57MRpsl7zlhqX-KBH-D7CERIZl294eNyX8ZccJneFxKqvTmvN3IQUS5tbchk6SGkMdM8mbKiezbS-PiBj0s_XU1CwChU76J2C8TxssGwUNU_3i-lTM2MOLqrJRxDeEIgb-aK2DxQg/s320/24042013(002).jpg" width="320" />T</a></div>
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<br />
Tampak depan<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioOE_3nRAufx-Cfo1HhVYbl5dgQY8eNXEcr81U58zXN38Y6OsLPbRft4IEDFouPjo9VOTWJlcPN-hxGwJIqRjGDQGIEY_asUM9icxJ7vkh2ep2f2JPacg4TEbG2MQS3np14KG6V89dHD4/s1600/24042013(001).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioOE_3nRAufx-Cfo1HhVYbl5dgQY8eNXEcr81U58zXN38Y6OsLPbRft4IEDFouPjo9VOTWJlcPN-hxGwJIqRjGDQGIEY_asUM9icxJ7vkh2ep2f2JPacg4TEbG2MQS3np14KG6V89dHD4/s320/24042013(001).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Tampak belakang<br />
<br />
Tapi masih dalam perbaikan n perapihan serta penambahan beberapa bagian yang masih dalam tahap yaitu<br />penambahan lampu tembajk di bagian kap (2 pasang)<br />Pemasnagn kaca film + central lock<br />perapihan interior dengan pemasangan plafon serta aksesories yang lain<br />
<br />nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-84504689696759806202013-02-15T11:55:00.000-08:002013-02-15T11:55:10.315-08:00The Final Result of Listening 1The Final result of Listening 1 (STAIN JUSIE) can be checked <a href="http://www.blogger.com/%09%20http://www.ziddu.com/download/21599857/Listening12012.pdf.html">here</a><br />
<br />
The complain will only be responded by Monday, February 18, 2013.<br />
The score will be submitted to academic soon.nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-79917773813957540982013-02-05T21:17:00.002-08:002013-02-06T21:14:49.053-08:00Remedial TestThe remedial test for students who did not join the mid test n submit the task can be checked on these links<br />
<br />
The questions can be downloaded in this link<br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21522082/soalsusualanlistening.doc.html">Question task 1 - task 10</a><br />
and the audio of each task can be checked on these links bellow :<br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521944/Task1.mp3.html">Task 1</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521946/Task2.mp3.html">Task 2</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521947/Task3.mp3.html">Task 3</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521948/Task4.mp3.html">Task 4</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521945/Task5.mp3.html">Task 5</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521992/Task6.mp3.html">Task 6</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521991/Task7.mp3.html">Task 7</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521995/Task8.mp3.html">Task 8 </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521994/Task9.mp3.html">Task 9</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21521993/Task10.mp3.html">Task 10</a><br />
<br />
Task 8 sudah diedit<br />
Submit the task by 10 O'clock, Saturday 9, February 2013. Via Email (nawawi_elfatru@yahoo.co.id) or to my FB.<br />
Thanksnawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-2322987641783992662012-11-22T23:47:00.002-08:002012-12-10T19:31:05.118-08:00Listening 1 part 3The files for listening 1 part III.<br />
1. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951276/Task1.mp3.html">Task 1</a><br />
2. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951277/Task2.mp3.html">Task 2</a><br />
3. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950228/Task3.mp3.html">Task 3</a><br />
4. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950230/Task4.mp3.html">Task 4</a><br />
<br />
5. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950226/Task5.mp3.html">Task 5</a><br />
6. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950225/Task6.mp3.html">Task 6</a><br />
7. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950229/Task7.mp3.html">Task 7</a><br />
8. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950227/Task8.mp3.html">task 8</a><br />
9. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950231/Task9.mp3.html">Task 9</a><br />
10. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950233/Task10.mp3.html">Task 10</a><br />
The questions for task 1 - task10 can be <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/21048078/Tasklistening.doc.html">here</a> <br />
<br />
11. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950224/Task11.mp3.html">Task 11</a><br />
12. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20950232/Task12.mp3.html">Task 12</a><br />
13. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951239/Task13.mp3.html">Task 13</a><br />
14. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951242/Task14.mp3.html">Task 14</a><br />
15. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951241/Task15.mp3.html">Task 15</a><br />
16. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951237/Task16.mp3.html">Task 16</a><br />
17. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951240/Task17.mp3.html">Task 17</a><br />
18. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951235/Task18.mp3.html">Task 18</a><br />
19. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951238/Task19.mp3.html">Task 19</a><br />
20. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951236/Task20.mp3.html">Task 20</a><br />
21. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951233/Task21.mp3.html">Task 21</a><br />
22. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951234/Task22.mp3.html">Task 22</a><br />
23. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951274/Task23.mp3.html">Task 23</a><br />
24. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951273/Task24.mp3.html">Task 24</a><br />
25. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20951275/Task25.mp3.html">Task 25</a><br />
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The questions for task 11 - task 25 can be checked <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20952620/Task11-25.doc.html">here</a>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-69042856290049100662012-11-22T21:38:00.002-08:002012-11-22T21:38:32.397-08:00nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-14405299871796529622012-11-20T18:31:00.000-08:002012-11-20T18:31:15.525-08:00Listening 1 Part IIThe files for listening 1 part II;<br />
18. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20856017/026A.PhoneConversation.mp3.html">Telephone Conversation</a><br />
19. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20855978/019A.AnsweringMachine.mp3.html">Answeering machine</a><br />
20. Daily Schedule<br />
21. Family Activities<br />
22. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20855979/020B.AFunDay.mp3.html">A Fun Day</a><br />
23. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20855982/021A.MeetingSingles.mp3.html">Meeting Singles</a><br />
24. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20855980/021B.ReadingTime-Copy.mp3.html">Children's Book</a><br />
25. Shooping for the Day<br />
26. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20855976/022B.PartyTime.mp3.html">Party Time</a><br />
27. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20855983/023A.CampingUndertheStars-Copy.mp3.html">Camping</a><br />
28. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20856024/023B.CollegeLife-Copy.mp3.html">College Life</a><br />
29. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20856018/024A.HamburgerRestaurant.mp3.html">Joe's Hamburger</a><br />
30. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20856020/024B.ApartmentsforRent-Copy.mp3.html">Apartement for Rent</a><br />
31. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20856025/025A.FirstDate.mp3.html">First Date</a><br />
32. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20856022/025B.PicnicPreparations.mp3.html">Picnic Preparation</a><br />
33. Phone Message<br />
34. <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20856023/026B.WhatSabussyday-.mp3.html">What a Bussy Day</a>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-10129065519199310262012-10-30T21:56:00.000-07:002012-10-30T22:16:54.400-07:00Studi Islam Pendekatan Historis/Sejarah<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">Islam telah menjadi
kajian yang menarik minat banyak kalangan. Studi keislaman pun semakin
berkembang. Islam tidak lagi dipahami hanya dalam pengertian historis dan
doktriner, tetapi telah menjadi fenomena yang kompleks. Islam tidak hanya
terdiri dari rangkaian petunjuk formal tentang bagaimana seorang individu harus
memaknai kehidupannya. Islam telah menjadi sebuah sistem budaya, peradaban,
komunitas politik, ekonomi dan bagian sah dari perkembangan dunia. Mengkaji dan
mendekati Islam, tidak lagi mungkin hanya dari satu aspek, karenanya dibutuhkan
metode dan pendekatan interdisipliner.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">Kajian agama,
termasuk Islam, seperti disebutkan di atas dilakukan oleh sarjana Barat dengan
menggunakan ilmu-ilmu sosial dan humanities, sehingga muncul sejarah agama,
psikologi agama, sosiologi agama, antropologi agama, dan lain-lain. Dalam
perjalanan dan pengembangannya, sarjana Barat bukan hanya menjadikan masyarakat
Barat sebagai lapangan penelitiannya, namun juga masyarakat di negara-negara
berkembang, yang kemudian memunculkan orientalisme.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">Sarjana Barat
sebenarnya telah lebih dahulu dan lebih lama melakukan kajian terhadap fenomena
Islam dari pelbagai aspek: sosiologis, kultural, perilaku politik, doktrin,
ekonomi, perkembangan tingkat pendidikan, jaminan keamanan, perawatan
kesehatan, perkembangan minat dan kajian intelektual, dan seterusnya.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara itu, agama atau keagamaan
sebagai sistem kepercayaan dalam kehidupan umat manusia dapat dikaji melalui
berbagai sudut pandang. Islam khususnya, sebagai agama yang telah berkembang
selama empatbelas abad lebih menyimpan banyak banyak masalah yang perlu
diteliti, baik itu menyangkut ajaran dan pemikiran kegamaan maupun realitas
sosial, politik, ekonomi dan budaya. Salah satu sudut pandang yang dapat
dikembangkankan bagi pengkajian Islam itu adalah pendekatan sejarah.
Berdasarkan sudut pandang tersebut, Islam dapat dipahami dalam berbagai
dimensinya. Betapa banyak persoalan umat Islam hingga dalam perkembangannya
sekarang, bisa dipelajari dengan berkaca kepada peristiwa-peristiwa masa
lampau, sehingga segala kearifan masa lalu itu memungkinkan untuk dijadikan
alternatif rujukan di dalam menjawab persoalan-persoalan masa kini. Di sinilah
arti pentingnya sejarah bagi umat Islam pada khususnya, apakah sejarah sebagai
pengetahuan ataukah ia dijadikan pendekatan didalam mempelajari agama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
sejarah dijadikan sebagai sesuatu pendekatan untuk mempelajari agama, maka
sudut pandangnya akan dapat membidik aneka-ragam peristiwa masa lampau. Sebab
sejarah sebagai suatu metodologi menekankan perhatiannya kepada pemahaman
berbagai gejala dalam dimensi waktu. Aspek kronologis sesuatu gejala, termasuk
gejala agama atau keagamaan, merupakan ciri khas di dalam pendekatan sejarah.
Karena itu penelitian terhadap gejala-gejala agama berdasarkan pendekatan ini
haruslah dilihat segi-segi prosesnya dan perubahan-perubahannya. Bahkan secara
kritis, pendekatan sejarah itu bukanlah sebatas melihat segi pertumbuhan,
perkembangan serta keruntuhan mengenai sesuatu peristiwa, melainkan juga mampu
memahami gejala-gejala struktural yang menyertai peristiwa. Inilah pendekatan
sejarah yang sesungguhnya perlu dikembangkan di dalam penelitian masalahmasalah
agama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang maslah yang telah dipaparkan diatas, maka rumusan masalah dalam
penulisan makalah ini yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah pendekatan sejarah dalam studi Islam?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah manfaat studi Islam dengan menggunakan pendekatan
sejarah?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengertian
Sejarah dan Pendekatan Sejarah</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara etimologi, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kata</span></a>
“sejarah” terjemahan dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tarikh,
sirah</i> (bahasa <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext;">Arab</span></a>),
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">history</i> (bahasa Inggris), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">geschichte</i> (bahasa jerman).Semua kata
tersebut berasal dari bahasa Yunani, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“istoria</i>”
yang berarti ilmu<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Dalam penggunaannya, filosof Yunani memakai kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">istoria</i> untuk menjelaskan secara sistematis mengenai gejala alam.
Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">istoria</i>
dipergunakan untuk menjelaskan mengenai gejala-gejala terutama hal ikhwal
manusia dalam urutan kronologis. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara leksikal, sejarah adalah pengetahuan atau
uraian tentang peristiwa-peristiwa dan kejadian-kejadian yang benar-benar
terjadi pada masa lampau. Secara terminologi sejarah adalah kisah dan peristiwa
masa lampau umat manusia, baik yang berhubungan dengan peristiwa politik,
sosial, ekonomi maupun gejala alam<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.Defenisi
ini memberi pengertian bahwa sejarah tidak lebih dari sebuah rekaman peristiwa
masa lampau manusia dengan segala dimensinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Maka lapangan sejarah adalah meliputi segala
pengalaman manusia.<br />
Menurut Ibnu Khaldun sejarah tidak hanya dipahami sebagai suatu rekaman
perisriwa masa lampau, tetapi juga penalaran kritis untuk menemukan kebenaran suatu
peristiwa, adanya batasan waktu (yaitu masa lampau), adanya pelaku (yaitu
manusia) dan daya kritis dari peneliti sejarah. Dengan kata <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lain</span></a> di dalam sejarah terdapat objek
peristiwanya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">what</i>), <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">orang</span></a> yang melakukannya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">who</i>), waktunya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">when</i>),
tempatnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">where</i>) dan latar
belakangnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">why</i>). Seluruh aspek
tersebut selanjutnya disusun secara sistematik dan menggambarkan hubungan yang
erat <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antara</span></a> satu bagian dengan bagian lainnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sebagai ilmu, sejarah terikat pada prosedur
penelitian ilmiah. Sejarah juga terikat pada penalaran yang bersandar pada
fakta. Kebenaran sejarah terletak dalam kesediaan sejarawan untuk meneliti
sumber sejarah secara tuntas, sehingga diharapkan ia akan mengungkapkan sejarah
secara objektif. Hasil akhir yang diharapkan ialah adanya kecocokan antara
pemahaman sejarawan dengan fakta. Sejarah dengan demikian didefenisikan sebagai
ilmu tentang manusia yang merekonstruksi masa lalu. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun yang direkonstruksi sejarah adalah menyangkut
apa yang sudah dipikirkan, dikatakan, dikerjakan, dirasakan dan dialami oleh
manusia. Mengungkapkan kisah dan peristiwa masa lampau umat manusia, terdapat
dua implikasi metodologis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama</i>,
keharusan memakai metode studi sejarah yang lebih problem oriented. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i>, penjelasan serta penelaahan
sejarah didasarkan pada analisis yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">social-scientific</i>.
Terdorong oleh kecenderungan metodologis ini, maka dalam prakteknya sejarawan
menggunakan pendekatan dan konsep-konsep serta teori-teori ilmu-ilmu sosial
yang mempunyai daya penjelas yang lebih besar dalam memberikan keterangan
historis (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">historial explanation</i>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara ringkas dapat disimpulkan bahwa sejarah
adalah suatu cabang studi yang berkenaan dengan penelitian yang berhubungan
dengan kejadian-kejadian yang terikat pada waktu, yang berhubungan dengan semua
kejadian yang terjadi di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">dunia
ini. Dengan demikian sejarah pada hakekatnya adalah upaya melihat masa lalu
melalui masa kini. Untuk mengarah pada suatu keyakinan atas kebenaran informasi
masa lampau tentu tidak terlepas dari dukungan berbagai data yang akurat, di
antara data itu adalah data sejarah. Maka pendekatan sejarah (historis) <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">amat</span></a> dibutuhkan dan tidak dapat dielakkan dalam
memahami agama, karena agama itu sendiri turun berkaitan dengan kondisi sosial
kemasyarakatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun yang dimaksud di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">sini dengan pendekatan sejarah yang menjadi titik
fokus pembahasan disini adalah <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cara</span></a>
pandang yang digunakan untuk merekonstruksi masa lalu umat manusia yang melihat
suatu peristiwa dari segi kesadaran sosial yang mendukungnya. Pendekatan ini
lebih populer disebut “sejarah sosial”. Pendekatan ini merupakan alternatif
terbaik untuk lebih menjelaskan perkembangan dan perubahan-perubahan historis
pada masa lalu secara lebih aktual dan komprehensif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Melalui pendekatan sejarah seseorang diajak menukik
dari alam idealis ke alam yang bersifat empiris dan mendunia. Dari keadaan ini
seseorang akan melihat adanya kesenjangan atau keselarasan antara yang terdapat
dalam alam idealis dengan yang ada di alam empiris dan historis. Pendekatan
sejarah dibutuhkan dalam studi agama, karena agama itu sendiri turun dalam
situasi yang kongkret bahkan berkaitan dan kondisi sosial kemasyarakatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pendekatan sejarah adalah mengkaji Islam dari
perspektif yang dikenal dalam ilmu-ilmu sejarah, dalam ini sebuah sejarah
dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, sejarah dipengaruhi oleh masa dan cara berpikir
di masa itu, dan sebagainya. Ketika diterapkan dalam mengkaji Islam, maka Islam
bukan dilihat sebagai doktrin semata, tetapi dilihat secara historis yang
terkena deretan hukum historis yang selalu berubah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.
Islam Sebagai Fenomena Sejarah</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pendekatan sejarah dalam studi Islam merupakan
pengkajian fenomena historis dari masyarakat <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">muslim</span></a>
terutama sejak terbentuknya komunitas muslim masa <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Muhammad</span></a>
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">SAW</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> hingga masa sekarang. Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran sendiri di lain pihak menyajikan kisah
mengenai masyarakat terdahulu dengan berbagai variasi, yang perlu mendapat
pembuktian secara empiris dari berbagai sumber yang ada. Alquran juga
diturunkan secara berangsur-angsur sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi yang pada
dasarnya merupakan jawaban bagi persoalan yang berkembang di masyarakat. Dalam
ilmu tafsir, lahirlah ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asbab al-</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">uzul</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
yang pada intinya berisi sejarah turunnya alquran juga merupakan jawaban bagi
persoalan perkembangan dalam masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Umat Islam sebagai bagian dari masyarakat pada
umumnya tentu saja tidak lepas dari peristiwa sejarah. Saat ajaran Islam
diwujudkan oleh pemeluknya dalam bentuk tindakan atau amalan, maka ia menjadi
sejarah. Atas dasar itu Islam dapat dilihat sebagai wahyu berbentuk Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">adi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s, sedangkan Islam sebagai wahyu dan sebagai produk
sejarah berarti segala apa yang dipikirkan, dikerjakan, dikatakan, dirasakan
dan dialami oleh orang-orang Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Islam sebagai wahyu yang berbentuk Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">adi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s, pemaparan makna yang terkandung dalam kedua <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nas</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(sumber) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">tersebut
tidak selamanya diungkapkan dengan bahasa yang jelas, melainkan sebagian
memerlukan penjelasan atau penafsiran. Untuk itulah kedudukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">adi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s terhadap Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran berfungsi sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mubayyan</i>. Setelah Rasul wafat tentu tidak ada lagi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mubayyan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>.
Maka tugas <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">para</span></a> intelektual muslimlah
selanjutnya untuk memberikan pemahaman dan penafsiran terhadap Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran yang belum ada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan</i>-nya dari Rasul dan juga terhadap hadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s yang kurang jelas pemahamannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Para</span></a>
ulama kemudian merumuskan atau membuat alat bantu ke dalam suatu bentuk
pemahaman yang <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mudah</span></a> dipahami dan dapat
diamalkan terhadap suatu kasus hukum yang datang kemudian. Salah satu di antara
rumusan atau alat bantu itu adalah kondisi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">historis
empiris</i> atau kondisi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">historis
sosiokultural</i> Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran berupa
sebab-sebab turunnya Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbab al-</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">n</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">uzul</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">) dan juga kondisi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">historis sosiokultural</i> hadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbab al-Wurud</i>). Untuk itu
dibutuhkan pengetahuan sejarah tentang peristiwa-peristiwa dalam Islam. Sejarah
bagi kaum muslimin tidak hanya bermanfaat sebagai cermin masa lalu untuk
dijadikan pedoman bagi masa kini dan mendatang, tapi juga menjadi alat untuk
memahami secara lebih tepat sumber-sumber Islam. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apabila dipahami secara benar, Islam sebagai agama
yang terakhir bahkan penyempurnaan ajaran umat terdahulu, tidak dapat
dipungkiri merupakan fenomena sejarah. Kenyataan ini dapat dimengerti,
mengingat Islam sebagai agama yang relatif belakangan, sejak kelahirannya
langsung berhadapan dengan tradisi institusi agama-agama lama. Lebih dari itu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran sebagai sumber
ajaran kandungannya juga berbicara tentang kejadian masa lalu yang bernuansa
sejarah, sehingga tidak terlepas dalam penyempurnaan ajaran agama umat
terdahulu itu memiliki keterkaiatan untuk diterapkan pada kondisi setelah Rasul
saw diutus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dengan demikian dapat dipahami bahwa Islam merupakan
fenomena sejarah. Sampai saat ini kajian tentang masa lalu itu kerapkali
dijadikan sebagai gambaran dan pedoman (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’tibar</i>)
buat kehidupan masa kini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
dan Pendekatan Sejarah dalam Studi Islam</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam studi
Islam dikenal adanya beberapa metode yang dipergunakan dalam memahami Islam.
Penguasaan dan ketepatan pemilihan metode tidak dapat dianggap sepele. Karena penguasaan
metode yang tepat dapat menyebabkan seseorang dapat mengembangkan ilmu yang
dimilikinya. Sebaliknya mereka yang tidak menguasai metode hanya akan menjadi
konsumen ilmu, dan bukan menjadi produsen. Oleh karenanya disadari bahwa
kemampuan dalam menguasai materi keilmuan tertentu perlu diimbangi dengan
kemampuan di bidang metodologi sehingga pengetahuan yang dimilikinya dapat
dikembangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 44.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara metode
studi Islam yang pernah ada dalam sejarah, secara garis besar dapat dibagi
menjadi dua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, yaitu :</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, metode
komparasi, yaitu suatu cara memahami agama dengan membandingkan seluruh aspek
yang ada dalam agama Islam tersebut dengan agama lainnya. Dengan cara yang
demikian akan dihasilkan pemahaman Islam yang obyektif dan utuh. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
metode sintesis, yaitu suatu cara memahami Islam yang memadukan antara metode
ilmiah dengan segala cirinya yang rasional, obyektif, kritis, dan seterusnya
dengan metode teologis normative<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Metode ilmiah digunakan untuk memahami Islam yang nampak dalam kenyataan
histories, empiris, dan sosiologis. Sedangkan metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">teologis normative</i> digunakan untuk memahami Islam yang terkandung
dalam kitab suci. Melalui metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">teologis
normative</i> ini seseorang memulainya dari meyakini Islam sebagai agama agama
yang mutlak benar. Hal ini di dasarkan kerena agama berasal dari Tuhan, dan apa
yang berasal dari Tuhan mutlak benar, maka agamapun mutlak benar. Setelah itu
dilanjutkan dengan melihat agama sebagaimana norma ajaran yang berkaitan dengan
berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia yang secara keseluruhan diyakini amat ideal.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode-metode
yang digunakan untuk memahami Islam itu suatu saat mungkin dpandang tidak cukup
lagi, sehingga diperlukan adanya pendekatan baru yang harus terus digali oleh
para pembaharu. Dalam konteks penelitian, pendekatan-pendekatan <i>(approaches)</i>
ini tentu saja mengandung arti satuan dari teori, metode, dan teknik
penelitian. Terdapat banyak pendekatan yang digunakan dalam memahami agama.
Diantaranya adalah pendekatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">teologis
normative</i>, antropologis, sosiologis, psikologis, histories, kebudayaan, dan
pendekatan filodofis. Adapun pendekatan yang dimaksud di sini (bukan dalam
konteks penelitian), adalah cara pandang atau paradigma yang terdapat dalam
satu bidang ilmu yang selanjutnya digunakan dalam memahami agama. Dalam hubungan
ini, Jalaluddin Rahmat, menandasakan bahwa agama dapat diteliti dengan
menggunakan berbagai paradigma. Realitas keagamaan yang diungkapkan mempunyai
nilai kebenaran sesuai dengan kerangka paradigmanya. Karena itu tidak ada
persoalan apakah penelitian agama itu penelitian ilmu social, penelitian
filosofis, atau penelitian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legalistic<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenai
banyaknya pendekatan ini, penulis tidak akan menguraikan secara keseluruhan
pendekatan yang ada, melaikan hanya pendekatan histories sesuai dengan judul di
atas, yakni pendekatan histories.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 44.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah atau
histories adalah suatu ilmu yang di dalamnya dibahas berbagai peristiwa dengan
memperhatikan unsur tempat, waktu, obyek, latar belakang, dan pelaku dari
peristiwa tersebut. Menurut ilmu ini segala peristiwa dapat dilacak dengan
melihat kapan peristiwa itu terjadi, di mana, apa sebabnya, siapa yang terlibat
dalam peristiwa tersebut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
kesejarahan ini amat dibutuhkan dalam memahami agama, karena gama itu sendiri
turun dalam situasi yang konkret bahkan berkaitan dengan kondisi social
kemasyarakatan. Dalam hubungan ini Kuntowijoyo telah melakukan studi yang
mendalam terhadap agama yang dalam hal ini Islam, menurut pendekatan sejarah.
Ketika ia mempelajari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an
ia sampai pada satu kesimpulan bahwa pada dasarnya kandungan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an itu terbagi
menjadi dua bagian. Bagian pertama, berisi konsep-konsep, dan bagian kedua
berisi kisah-kisah sejarah dan perumpamaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 44.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam bagian
pertama yang berisi konsep ini kita mendapati banyak sekali istilah al-Qur’an
yang merujuk kepada pengertian-pengertian normative yang khusus,
doktrin-doktrin etik, aturan-aturan legal, dan ajaran-ajaran keagamaan pada
umumnya. Istilah-istilah atau singkatnya pernyataan-pernyataan itu mungkin
diangkat dari konsep-konsep yang telah dikenal oleh masyarakat Arab pada waktu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an, atau bias
jadi merupakan istilah-istilah baru yang dibentuk untuk mendukung adanya
konsep-konsep relegius yang ingin diperkenalkannya. Yang jelas istilah itu
kemudian d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">integrasikan
ke dalam pandangan dunia </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an,
dan dengan demikian, lalu menjadi onsep-konsep yang otentik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 44.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam bagian
pertama ini, kita mengenal banyak sekali konsep baik yang bersifat abstrak
maupun konkret. Konsep tentang Allah, Malaikat, Akherat, ma’ruf, munkar, dan
sebagainya adalah termasuk yang abstrak. Sedangkan konsep tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fuqara’, masakin</i>, termasuk yang konkret.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 44.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya,
jika pada bagian yang berisi konsep, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an
bermaksud membentuk pemahaman yang komprehensif mengenai nilai-nilai Islam,
maka pada bagian yang kedua yang berisi kisah dan perumpamaan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an ingin mengajak
dilakukannya perenungan untuk memperoleh hikmah<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Melalui pendekatan sejarah ini seseorang diajak untuk memasuki keadaan yang
sebenarnya berkenaan dengan penerapan suatu peristiwa. Dari sini maka seseorag
tidak akan memahami agama keluar dari konteks historisnya. Seseorang yang ingin
memahami </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an
secara benar misalnya, yang bersangkutan harus memahami sejarah turunnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an atau
kejadian-kejadian yang mengiringi turunnya al-Qur’an yang selanjutnya disebut
dengan ilmu asbab al-nuzul yang pada intinya berisi sejarah turunnya ayat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l-Qur’an. Dengan ilmu
ini seseorang akan dapat mengetahui hikmah yang terkadung dalam suatu ayat yang
berkenaan dengan hokum tertentu, dan ditujukan untuk memelihara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syari’at</i> dari kekeliruan memahaminya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perkembangan
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kajian Islam melalui Pendekatan Histories (</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Historiografi
Islam</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ada dua faktor pendukung utama berkembangnya
penulisan sejarah dalam sejarah Islam, yaitu : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pertama</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran
sebagai kitab suci umat Islam memerintahkan umatnya untuk memperhatikan
sejarah. Beberapa ayat alquran dengan tegas memerintahkan hal itu. Diantara
adalah Q.S.ar-Rum : 9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">qur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">an bahkan tidak hanya
memerintahkan untuk memeperhatikan perkembangan sejarah manusia. Tetapi juga
menjanjikan banyak kisah-kisah. Sebahagian ulama berpendapat bahwa dua pertiga
isi Alquran itu adalah kisah sejarah. Ini dipaparkan dengan tujuan agar umat
manuasia mengambil I’tibar dari padanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kedua</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, Ilmu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">adi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">merupakan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">awal masa
perkembangan Islam, ilmu hadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s merupakan ilmu yang
paling tinggi dan paling diperlukan oleh umat Islam pada waktu itu. Ulama
bepergian dari satu kota ke kota lain untuk mencari hadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s dan meriwayatkannya, kemudian lahirlah kitab hadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s. Dapat dikatakan bahwa penulisan hadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s inilah yang merupakan perintis jalan menuju
perkembangan ilmu sejarah. Bahkan dalam rangka menyeleksikan hadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s yang benar dari yang salah, muncullah ilmu kritik
hadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">s, baik dari segi periwayatannya maupun
dari segi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> ataupun materin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a. Ilmu ini pulalah yang dijadikan metode kritik
penulisan sejarah paling awal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk
melihat lebih jelas keadaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan historiografi Islam
pada periode awal dan juga perkembangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutakhir</i>nya
dapat dilihat dalam pembahasan berikut ini :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Historiografi
Islam Pada Periode Awal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kajian mengenai
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan historiografi Islam periode awal perlu diadakan
tinjauan dari dua segi, yaitu dari segi aliran dan metode. Dari segi aliran.
Menurut Hussein Nashshar historiografi Islam pada periode awal itu terpola
dalam tiga aliran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">,
yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Aliran
Madinah, mereka mengembangkan penulisan sejarah bertolak dari gaya penulisan
ahli hadits, lalu kemudian mulai berkembang penelitian khusus tentang kisah
peperangan Rasul (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maraghi</i>). Orang
pertama yang menyusun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maraghi</i> dan
kemudian disebut sebagai simbol peralihan dari penulisan hadits kepada
pengkajian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maraghi</i>, ialah Aban
Ibnu Usman Ibn Affan (w.105 H/723 M) dan yang paling terkenal sebagai penulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maraghi</i> adalah Muhammad Ibn Muslim
al-Zuhri (w.124 H/742 M), dari penulisan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maraghi</i>
kemudian dikembangkan lagi dan melahirkan penulisan Sirah Nabawiyah (riwayat
hidup Nabi Muhammad </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">SAW</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kedua</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, aliran Iraq. Aliran ini lebih luas dari aliran
Madinah dan Yaman, karena memperhatikan harus sejarah sebelum Islam dan masa Islam
sekaligus dan sangat memperhatikan sejarah para khalifah. Sistem penulisan
aliran ini adalah pengungkapan kisah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ayyam</i>
di masa sebelum Islam, kemudian karena panatisme politik ke<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kabilah</i>an yang diakibatkan oleh adanya persaingan antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kabilah</i> untuk mencapai kekuasaan, disini
dikembangkan model penulisan silsilah. Langkah pertama yang sangat menentukan
perkembangan penulisan sejarah di Iraq adalah pembukuan tradisi lisan. Ini
pertama kali di lakukan oleh Ubaidillah Ibn Abi Rafi’ dengan menulis buku yang
berisikan nama para sahabat yang bersama Amir al-Mukminin (Ali bin Abi Thalib)
ikut dalam perang Jamal, Siffin dan Nahrawan oleh karena itu, dia dipandang
sebagai sejarawan pertama dalam aliran Iraq ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Aliran
Yaman, mereka mengembangkan penulisan sejarah pra-Islam. Di daerah ini jauh
sebelum Islam datang telah berkembang budaya penulisan peristiwa, isinya adalah
cerita-cerita khayal dan dongeng-dongeng kesukuan, sehingga berita-berita <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">israiliyat</i> masuk dan mempengaruhi
historiografi Islam. Para penulis hikayat-hikayat yang banyak dikutip oleh
sejarawan muslim berikutnya yang terpenting di antaranya adalah Ka’ab al-Ahbar
(w.32 H)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ketiga aliran
penulisan sejarah tersebut di atas, kemudian melebur dalam karya-karya penulis
sejarah berikutnya, khususnya dalam karya-karya sejarah. Tiga sejarawan besar
Ibn Ishaq (w.207 H/823 M) dengan karyanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maraghi</i>
dan Muhammad Ibn Said (w.230/845 M) dengan karyanya ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">abaqat al-Kabir</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sedangkan dari
segi metode historiografi Islam periode awal dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Historiografi
dengan metode riwayat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode ini tumbuh dan berkembang dari
masa awal sampai abad ketiga. Tokoh historiografi dengan riwayat ini adalah
al-‘abari dengan karyanya Tar’k al-Rusul wa la-Muluk. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Historiografi
dengan metode dirayah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode ini tumbuh dan berkembang abad
keempat dan kelima Hijrah, pelopornya adalah al-Mas’udi (w.345 H) dengan
karyanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Muruj al-‘ahab</i>. Kemudian
mengalami perkembangan dari masa ke masa dan mencapai puncaknya pada diri ibn Khaldun.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Historiografi
Islam Modern</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada penghujung
abad XVIII, barat telah mengalami kemajuan yang luar biasa, walau pada
hakikatnya kebangkitannya tidak terlepas dari pengaruh Islam. Hal ini dimulai
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reinainsance</i> pada berbagai
diagram keilmuan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Mereka bukan hanya mengadopsi keilmuan Islam secara menyeluruh, namun mulai
mengembangkannya dalam fase yang sangat realistis dan cepat. Berbagai macam
disiplin ilmu kembali mereka kembangkan, bukan hanya sekedar kajian sejarah
namun sudah mulai mengarah kepada sejarah sosial yang meninjau culture sebuah
kaum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Akan tetapi,
Kuntowijoyo mengungkapkan, sejarah sosial sudah merupakan gerakan yang sudah
lama namun baru mendapat perhatian sekitar tahun 1950 an yaitu melalui aliran
penulisan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annales Historis Economique et
Sociale. </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perkembangan selanjutnya,
sejarah sosial mengalami perkembangan yang luas dan kearah tersebut para
pemikir serta sejarawan Islam menghadap. Secara ideal, sejarah sosial ialah
studi tentang struktur dan proses tindakan timbal balik manusia sebagaimana
telah terjadi dalam kontek sosio-kultural dalam masa lampau yang tercatat. Oleh
karena itu, sejarah sosial disebut juga dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">total history</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">general
history</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kini ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">arah itulah perkembangan penulisan
sejarah bergerak, namun penulisan sejarah di <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dunia</span></a>
Islam tampaknya tidak begitu cepat mengikuti perubahan yang terjadi di Barat.
Para sejarawan <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arab</span></a> modern ini masih
disibukkan dengan metodologi dan pendekatan baru yang sebenarnya sudah lama
berkembang di Barat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Historiografi
Islam Mutakhir</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tarikh</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
adalah s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">stem penanggalan yang penghitungannya
didasarkan atas peredaran bulan mengelilingi bumi. Dalam perkembangan
selanjutnya, tarikh menjadi beragam dan berkembang sesuai perkembangan
pencatatan sejarah itu. Disebut juga penunjukan waktu tentang apa yang
dilakukan perawi hadia dan pemimpin agama. Dalam hal ini diterangkan tanggal
kelahiran dan kematian, kesehatan jasmani dan rohani, kesegaran pikiran,
perjalanan yang dilakukan, ketelitian dan kemampuan ilmu, tingkat keadilan,
kefasikan dan hal-hal khusus lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sejarawan pada
periode awal muncul nama-nama seperti Aban Ibn Usman (w.1n5 H). Muhammad Ibn
Muslim al-Zuhri (w.124 H) sampai kepada at-Tabari (w.310 H), kemudian disusul
beberapa tokoh terkemuka pada masa pertengahan seperti Ibn Khaldun (w.808 H),
di Penghujung abad 18 awal abad 19, muncul seorang sejarawan yang disebut
sebagai pelopor dan perintis kebangkitan kembali Arab Islam yang bernama Abd
Rahman al-Jabarti (w.124 H/1825 M).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dengan
menggunakan dan mengembangkan corak penulisan sejarah melalui metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hawliyat</i> ditambah dengan metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maudu’iyat </i>(tematik). Baru pada abad 20
para sejarawan Islam terutama setelah adanya kontak budaya dan ilmu pengetahuan
antara Timur dengan Barat mulai mengembangkan historiografi Islam dengan metode
kajian terhadap sejarah secara menyeluruh, total atau global, tidak hanya satu
aspek sosial saja dengan mencontoh metode dan pendekatan yang berkembang di
dunia Barat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Manfaat </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pendekatan Historis Dalam Studi Islam</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pendekatan historis dalam studi Islam amat
dibutuhkan dalam memahami agama, karena agama itu sendiri turun dalam situasi
dan kondisi sosial kemasyarakatan. Yaitu bagaimana melakukan pengkajian
terhadap berbagai studi keislaman dengan menggunakan pendekatan histories
sebagai salah satu alat (metodelogi) untuk menyatakan kebenaran dari objek
kajian itu.<br />
Pentingnya pendekatan ini, mengingat karena rata-rata disiplin keilmuan dalam
Islam tidak terlepas dari berbagai peristiwa atau sejarah. Baik yang
berhubungan dengan waktu, lokasi dan format peristiwa yang terjadi. Melalui
pendekatan historis dalam studi Islam ditemukan berbagai manfaat yang amat
berharga, guna merumuskan secara benar berbagai kajian keislaman dengan tepat
berkenaan dengan suatu peristiwa. Dari sini, maka seseorang tidak akan memahami
agama keluar dari konteks historisnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Seseorang yang ingin memahami alquran secara benar,
maka ia harus mempelajari sejarah turunnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">quran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbab
al-Nuzul</i>) dengan demikian ia akan dapat mengetahui hikmah yang terkandung dalam
suatu ayat yang berkenaan dengan hukum tertentu dan ditujukan untuk memelihara
syari’at dari kekeliruan memahaminya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengingat begitu besar peranan pendekatan historis
ini, maka diharapkan akan melahirkan semangat keilmuan untuk meneliti lebih
lanjut beberapa peristiwa yang ada hubungannya terutama dalam kajian Islam di
berbagai disiplin ilmu dan diharapkan dari penemuan-penemuan ini akan lebih
membuka tabir kedinamisan dalam mengamalkan ajaran murni ini dalam kehidupan
yang lebih layak sesuai dengan kehendak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syara’</i>,
mengingat pendekatan historis memiliki cara tersendiri dalam melihat masa lalu
guna menata masa sekarang dan akan datang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">C. PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Islam sebagai agama tidak dapat dipungkiri merupakan
fenomena sejarah. Pendekatan sejarah ( historis) dalam studi Islam amat
dibutuhkan dalam melakukan pengkajian terhadapnya sebagai salah satu alat
(metodelogi) untuk menyatakan kebenaran dan objek kajian itu, sehingga
dengannya pemahaman terhadap Islam akan lebih baik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sejarah Islam sebagai dari bagian fenomena sosial
memiliki cita rasa yang spesifik dan berbeda dengan agama lainnya. Hal ini lah
yang menjadikan banyaknya pakar yang berbeda pendapat dalam memahami Islam baik
yang berkaitana dengan awal dimulainya sejarah Islam atau dalam kontek
perjalanannya sebagai agama yang mengklaim dirinya sebagai penyempurnaan
agama-agama samawi yang lainnya, bahkan sampai akhir dunia nanti.<br />
Sejalan dengan pendidikan sejarah, pada masa awal Islam terjadi periodesasi,
priode Yaman, Madinah dan Irak. Masing-masing periode memiliki beragam
perbedaan yang menimbulkan khazanah keislaman yang lebih luas. Sesungguhnya
pengetahuan sejarah sendiri, telah dikumandangkan oleh Allah ketika
menceritakan beragam manusai lampau, hanya saja penyampaiannya yang secara
global perlu mendapat respon pengetahuan manusia untuk mencari validitasnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">emikian
juga dengan perkembangan selanjutnya, ketika manusai mencoba untuk mengkaji
masa lampau dan menuntut kebenaran sejarah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sejara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
tidak dapat dipisahkan dari subjektivitas, hanya saja diminimalisir untuk dapat
memberikan kajian yang jauh lebih baik adanya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">danya unsur kepentingan penulis,
serta sudut pandang yag berbeda menjadi faktor dominan untuk meletakkan sejarah
pada penilaian sebelah mata.<br />
Islamic Studies atau Pengkajian Islam adalah sebuah disiplin yang sangat tua
seumur dengan kemunculan Islam sendiri. Pengkajian Islam dalam sejarah
panjangnya mewujud dalam berbagai tipe dan menyediakan lahan yang sangat kaya
bagi kegelisahan akademik dari kalangan <i>insider </i>maupun <i>outsider</i>.
Jika Studi <i>outsider </i>terwadahi dalam bentuk Orientalisme atau
Islamologi, maka kajian <i>insider </i>memunculkan model ngaji yang
berorientasi pengamalan, apologis yang memberi counter terhadap orientalisme,
Islamisasi ilmu yang berupaya memberikan landasan paradigma Islam bagi
ilmu-ilmu sekuler atau studi Islam klasik yang bersifat kritis namun masih
berorientasi pada pengamalan. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebagai objek studi, Islam harus didekati dari
berbagai aspeknya dengan menggunakan multidisiplin ilmu pengetahuan untuk
mengurai fenomena agama ini. Salah satunya adalah melalui pendekatan sejarah
yang tidak dapat diabaikan begitu saja bagi seseorang yang ingin memahami
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atang Abd Hakim dan Jaih Mubarok, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metodologi
Studi Islam</i>, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abudin Nata, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metodologi Studi Islam</i>,
Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 1998</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Badri Yatim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historiografi Islam</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jakarta:
Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayan RI, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">K</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">amus</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Umum Bahasa
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dudung Abdurrahman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metode Penelitian Sejarah</i>, Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Juhaya S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Praja, <i>Filsafat
dan Metodologi Ilmu dalam Islam dan Penerapannya di Indonesia, </i>Jakarta:
Teraju, 2002</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kamaruzzaman Bustamam-Ahmad, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islam Historis Dinamika Studi Islam di
Indonesia</i>, Yogyakarta: Galang Press, 2002.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kuntowijoyo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metodologi Sejarah</i>, Yogyakarta: PT.Tiara Wacana, 1994</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">_________</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah</i>, Yogyakarta :
Yayasan Bentang Budaya, 1995.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Louis Gottschalk, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mengerti Sejarah</i>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jakarta: UI Press, 1986.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">M. Amin Abdullah, <i>Studi Agama
Normativitas atau Historisitas, </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ogyakarta;1996</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">M. Deden Ridwan (ed), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tradisi Baru Penelitian Agama Islam Tinjauan
Antardisiplin Ilmu</i>, Jakarta : Pustaka Pelajar, 2001.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Manna’ al-Qathan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mabahist fi Ulumil Qur’an</i>, Beirut : Muassasah al-Risalah, 1990.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mulyanto Sumardi, (ed.), <i>Penelitian
Agama, </i>Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1982</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nourouzzaman Shiddiqi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jeram-jeram Peradaban Muslim</i>, Yogyakarta
: Pustaka Pelajar, 1996.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ngainun na’im, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Studi Islam</i>,
Yogyakarta: TERAS, 2009</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sayyed Husen Nasr, <i>Menjelajah Dunia
Modern, </i>(terj.) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hasti Tarekat</i>,
dari judul asli <i>A Young Muslim’s Guide in The Modern World,</i> Bandung:
Mizan, 1995</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Said Agil Husin Munawwar dan Abdul
Mustaqim. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asbab al-Wurud, Study Kritis
Hadis Nabi</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yogyakarta : Pustaka
Pelajar, 2001.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Taufik Abdullah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan M Rusli Karim, (ed.), <i>Metodologi
Penelitian Agama Sebuah Pengantar, </i>Yogyakarta; Tiara Wacana Yogyakarta,
1990</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Taufik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Abdullah,
(ed.), <i>Sejarah dan Masyarakat, </i>Jakarta; Pustaka Firdaus, 1987</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://makalahkuliahjurusanpai.blogspot.com/2011/04/pendekatan-historis-dalam-studi-islam.html
</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayan RI, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">K</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">amus</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Umum Bahasa Indonesia</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Jakarta: Balai pustaka, 1995</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span></div>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Dudung Abdurrahman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metode Penelitian
Sejarah</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jakarta : Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span></div>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> M.
Amin Abdullah, <i>Studi Agama Normativitas atau Historisitas, </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Y</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ogyakarta;1996</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid</span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Abudin Nata, <i>Metodologi Studi Islam</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jakarta:
PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 1998</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, h. 112-113</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Taufik
Abdullah dan M Rusli Karim (ed.), <i>Metodologi Penelitian Agama Sebuah
Pengantar, </i>Yogyakarta; Tiara Wacana Yogyakarta, 1990, Cet. ke-2, h. 92</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Taufik
Abdullah, (ed.), <i>Sejarah dan Masyarakat, </i>(Jakarta; Pustaka Firdaus,
1987), h. 105.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Abudin
Nata, <i>Metodologi Studi Islam, </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jakarta:
PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 1998</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, h. 48</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Badri Yatim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historiografi Islam</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jakarta:
Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
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nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-25654747215444062072012-10-30T01:19:00.000-07:002012-10-30T01:19:37.918-07:00Studi Islam Orientalist<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam sebagai agama
yang didasarkan kepada dua sumber;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alquran dan
Hadis tidak hanya berupa doktrin-doktrin teologis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maupun
doktrin sosial, tetapi lebih dari pada itu, Islam juga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">melahirkan
peradaban. Peradaban yang dilahirkan oleh Islam melalui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">cendikiawan
dan intelektualnya tidak hanya berwujud tradisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pemikiran,
tetapi juga berupa arsitektur yang masih dapat disaksikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dewasa
ini. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa Islam sebagai agama telah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memberikan
etos kerja yang begitu besar bagi penganutnya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada zaman keemasan Islam,
para intelektual muslim telah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengadakan proses transfer
ilmu pengetahuan dari berbagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">peradaban. Pada saat itu,
proses intelektual berjalan dengan lanc</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
didukung oleh pemerintah Islam, sehingga melahirkan sarana</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">intelektual
seperti sekolah, perguruan tinggi dan perpustakaan. Hal ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjadikan
Islam maju di bidang peradaban. Di bidang sains, seperti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kedokteran,
matematika, astronomi, dan lain-lain seperti filsafat yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kemudian
melahirkan keahlian dalam berbagai bidang ilmu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengetahuan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada abad ke-13,
kemajuan peradaban umat Islam mendapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perhatian
oleh orang-orang Barat, sehingga mereka berdatangan ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dunia
Islam untuk belajar sains, baru kemudian mereka kembangkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
abad ke kesembilan belas, dimana dunia Islam sudah mengalami</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kemunduran,
orang-orang Barat datang lagi ke dunia Islam yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kedua
kalinya dengan membawa sains dan teknologi yang pernah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mereka
pelajari di dunia Islam pada abad ketiga belas setelah mereka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kembangkan
selama enam abad<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun dunia Islam
mengalami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemunduran dan Barat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengalami
kemajuan, tetapi dunia Islam pada saat itu, masih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyimpan
khasanah peradaban. Hal ini menjadikan orang-orang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barat
yang memiliki sains dan teknologi tertarik untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengembangkan
keahliannya dalam meneliti dan mengenali kembali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dunia
Islam, sehingga lahirlah orang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barat yang ahli di bidang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ketimuran yang disebut dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">orientalis</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Ketertarikan untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengetahui dan mengenal
kembali dunia Islam itu, tidak terlepas dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tendensi
politis, ekonomi, agama maupun akademik. Kemudian dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perkembangan
selanjutnya, lahirlah karya-karya oritentalis dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bidang
arkeologi, sejarah, bahasa, agama, kesusatraan, etnologi,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kemasyarakatan,
adat istiadat, politik, ekonomi, lingkungan dan lain-lain<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya-karya para
orientalis di bidang agama</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maupun di bidang disiplin
ilmu lainnya, berpengaruh kepada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pemikiran intelektual muslim
dewasa ini<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>, karena</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dianggap
ilmiah, rasional, berpikiran maju, berperikemanusiaan, dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">karenanya
lebih unggul dari dunia<i> orient</i> (Timur, termasuk Islam)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
disebut memiliki ciri statis, irrasional, dan terkebelakang<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eskipun
pada dasarnya penyataan ini – menurut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Edwar
Said–adalah dogma<i> orietalis.</i> Oleh karena itu, berbagai karya-karya
memperingatkan umat Islam bahwa orientalis pada dasarnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
berlindung dibalik "selimut objektivitas ilmiah" dan penelitian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
bersifat rasional menyisipkan agendanya untuk membendung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengaruh
Islam. Meskipun pada abad ini telah muncul beberapa nama</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">orientalis
yang dianggap memiliki kecendrungan positif kepada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">peradaban
Islam. Salah satu di antaranya adalah Montgomery Watt.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun demikian,
sejarah Indonesia mencatat bahwa nama-nama</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">orientalis
yang menganggap rendah ajaran Islam antara lain Hendrik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kraemer
dan Snouck Hurgronje. Keduanya meragukan agama Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengantarkan
Indonesia ke dunia modern<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mentalitas orientalis
seperti ini pada dasarnya merupakan merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">warisan
dari abad pertengahan, akibat kekalahan di pihak Kristen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam
perang salib</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Tulisan ini
berusaha untuk membahas tentang latar belakang, dorogan, tahapan,
kecenderungan, ruang lingkup serta pendekatan yang lazim dilakukan kalangan
orientalist dalam pengkajian terhadap agama Islam, serta relevansinya dengan
kecenderungan-kecenderungan baru dalam pengkajian Islam kontemporer.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan masalah dalam penulisan makalah ini yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
studi Islam orientalist?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
latar belakang studi Islam orientalist?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
dorongan studi Islam orientalist?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
pendekatan yang digunakan dalam studi Islam orientalist?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
relevansi kajian studi Islam orientalist?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B. PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengertian
Orientalist</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientalis adalah kata
serapan dari bahasa Perancis yang asal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">katanya
adalah<i> orient</i> yang berarti "Timur". Secara gegorafis, kata ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat
diartikan "dunia Timur" dan secara etnologis berarti bangsa-bangsa di
timur<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata<i>
orient</i> itu telah memasuki</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berbagai bahasa di Eropa,
termasuk bahasa Inggris.<i> Oriental</i> adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebuah
kata sifat yang bermakna; hal-hal yang bersifat timur, yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">teramat
luas ruang lingkupnya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientalis adalah kata
nama pelaku yang menunjukkan seorang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang ahli
tentang hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan "timur". Sedangkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kata<i>
orientalisme</i> (Belanda) ataupun<i> orietalism</i> (Inggris) menunjukkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengertian
tentang suatu paham. Jadi orientalisme berarti sesuatu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">paham,
atau aliran, yang berkeinginan menyelidiki hal-hal yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berkaitan
dengan bangsa-bangsa di Timur beserta lingkungannya<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>. Selain dari pada itu,
Edward W. Said memahami orientalis sebagai suatu cara untuk memahami dunia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timur,
berdasarkan tempatnya yang khusus menurut pengalaman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">orang
Barat Eropa<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Atau dengan kata lain orientalisme adalah suatu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gaya
berpikir yang berdasarkan pada pembedaan ontologis dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">epistemologis
yang dibuat antara "Timur"<i> (the Orient)</i> dan (hamper</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">selalu)
Barat<i> (the Occident</i>).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu,
meskipun orientalis memiliki makna yang luas,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu
segala sesuatu yang berkaitan langsung dengan bangsa-bangsa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timur
beserta lingkungannya sehingga meliputi seluruh bidang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kehidupan,
namun secara sempit, orientalis dapat diartikan sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kegiatan
ahli ketimuran Barat tentang agama-agama di Timur,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">khususnya
agama Islam.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tan
penyelidikan dalam bidang tersebut telah berlangsung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">selama
berabad-abad secara sporadik, tetapi baru memperlihatkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">intentitasnya
yang luar biasa sejak abad ke 19 Masehi. Sikap dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pandangan
terhadap masing-masing agama di Timur, khususnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">agama
Islam, sangat berbeda-beda menurut sikap mental orintelis itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar
Belakang Munculnya Orientalist</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagaimana yang telah
dimaklumi bahwa hubungan atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kontak antara </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">imur
dengan Barat telah terjalin sejak ribuan tahun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">silam
yang ditandai dengan perbenturan kepentingan maupun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">permusuhan.
Sekitar tahun 600-330 SM telah terjadi hubungan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perebutan
kekuasaan antara Grik Tua dengan dinasti Achaemendis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari
Imperium Parsi sejak masa pemerintahan Cyrus the Great (550-530 SM). Akibat
kepentingan ini mendorong masing-masing pihak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
saling mengenal dengan yang lainnya. Hubungan antara Timur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
Barat ini meninggalkan sebuah karya yang ditulis oleh Xenophon</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(431-378
SM) yang berjudul<i> Anabasis</i> yang mengisahkan 10.000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pasukan
Grik yang terkepung di daerah Parsi<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya, ketika
Yunani dan Romawi berhasil melakukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">invasi ke
Mesir, Aleksander menguasi kota Aleksandria. Kota ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dibangun
oleh<i> Aleksander Agung</i>. Di masa ini penduduk yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ditaklukkan
diwajibkan berpradaban Yunani, yang kemudian dikenal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan<i>
hellenisme<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah agama Islam
lahir dan berhasil mengembangkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengaruhnya, bahkan dapat
mendirikan kerajaan di Andalusia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Spanyol) pada awal abad ke
8 Masehi, peradaban Islam menjadi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sumber cahaya yang menerangi
dunia. Di Andalusia pendidikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mencapai peringkat kemajuan
tertinggi, tetapi kemudian mundur dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjadi
kerajaan Granada. Meskipun demikian, kota ini pernah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjadi
pusat peradaban dunia Barat yang kemudian dihancurkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oleh
Kristen Eropa pada tahun 1492 M<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain daripada itu,
pada masa keemasan Islam perkembangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">intelektual
di kalangan umat Islam sangat menonjol sehingga berhasil</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">membangun
berbagai perguruan Tinggi Islam. Sejarah mencatat ada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">empat
pertuguruan Tinggi tertua di dunia Islam. Perguruan Tinggi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tertua
dunia Islam dibelahan Timur berkedudukan di Baghdad (Irak)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
di Kairo (Mesir). Adapun perguruan Tinggi di belahan dunia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barat,
berkedudukan di Kordova (Andalusia) dan Fes (Marokko).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keempat perguruan
tinggi yang dimaksud adalah Nizamiyah, Al-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Azhar,
Cordova dan Kairawan. Keempat perguruan tinggi Islam inilah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
sangat mempengaruhi minat Barat terhadap Dunia Timur (Islam)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak masa pemerintahan
Khalifah Abdul Malik bin Marwan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(685-705 M) yang
berkedudukan di Damaskus diinstruksikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penggantian
penggunaan bahasa untuk arsip-arsip resmi pemerintah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari
bahasa setempat (Pahlevi, Kpti, Grik, Latin) ke bahasa Arab,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maka
sejak itu bahasa Arab telah menjadi<i> lingua prance</i> dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hubungan-hubungan
diplomatik, dagang, surat menyurat resmi, dunia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kesusatraan
dan kebudayaan, dunia ilmiah dan filsafat<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>. Oleh karena itu sejarah
mencatat bahwa pada masa-masa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">damai sering terjadi
perutusan diplomatik kaisar-kaisar Bizantium ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangdad
ibu kota Daulah Abbasiyah sekitar tahun (750-1258) di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">belahan
Timur. Demikian pula raja-raja</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eropa, mengirimkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perutusannya
ke Cordova, ibu kota Daulat Bani Umaiyyah (756-1031)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di
belahan Barat. Setiap kali perutusan itu senantiasa membawa berita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang
hal-hal yang menakjubkan, yang disaksikannya di ibu kota-ibukota dunia Islam
itu<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain faktor politik
tersebut, andil faktor ekonomi memainkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">peran.
Oleh karena itu para penguasa di Barat itu merasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berkepentingan
pada masa-masa dami untuk mengikat persahabatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan
pihak penguasa Islam, karena jalur perdagangan dari benua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timur,
baik jalan Sutera maupun jalan laut, dikuasi oleh pemerintah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dorongan studi Islam Orientalist</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">al-hal yang mendorong kaum orientalis barat untuk
menyelidiki dan mempelajari tentang ketimuran sebagai berikut<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorongan Keagamaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
menyelidiki benar tidaknya dorongan keagamaan, menjadi salah satu dorongan yang
mendorong para ahli ketimuran menyelidiki dan meneliti tentang hal timur, dapat
diteliti siapa saja dan dari golongan mana yang menjadi orang pertama yang
memulai mempelajari hal timur. Yang dimaksud, yaitu hal keIslaman, hal keadaan
kaum muslimin, peradaban, kehidupan dan penghidupannya. Mereka itu adalah dari
Vatikan, tegasnya dari pendeta-pendeta Roma Katolik. Para Paus, Uskup dan
pendeta Katolik yang memulai mengatur dan mengembangkan orientalisme. Dan
dengan pengaruh mereka, lalu raja-raja dan penguasa-penguasa Eropa tertarik
pada orientalisme.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi dapat
diketahui bahwa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
kaum orientalis yang terdahulu telah memanfaatkan hasil penelitiannya tentang
agama Islam dan yang berhubungan dengan agama Islam, secara positif dan
negatif. Dan banyak melontarkan hasil penelitian yang bertentangan dengan
ajaran Islam yang sebenarnya dan membawa pengaruh yang jelek.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorongan Penjajahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika
berakhirnya Perang Salib, dengan kekalahan kaum Salib, pada saat itu merupakan
perang agama dan pada hakekatnya perang penjajahan, orang-orang Barat tidak
mudah putus asa untuk kembali menduduki negeri-negeri Arab dan orang Islam.
Sewaktu kekuatan militer dan politik sudah berada dalam tangan mereka, lalu di
antara yang mendorong orientalisme itu ialah untuk melemahkan perlawanan jiwa
dan cita-cita dari kaum muslimin.<br />
Dengan penelitian hal ketimuran yang di dorong oleh dorongan penjajahan, kita
melihat bagaimana mereka menyampaikan konsep politik penjajahan kepada
pemerintah yang menjajah negeri-negeri timur umumnya dan negeri-negeri Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorongan Perniagaan dan Ekonomi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorongan
ini nyata sekali bagi negeri-negeri industri yang memerlukan pasaran untuk
melemparkan hasil industrinya. Mereka harus meneliti kesukaan negeri-negeri yang
jadi sasarannya. Kaum orientalis yang terdorong penelitiannya tentang Timur
oleh dorongan ekonomi dan perniagaan, harus bekerja keras, agar tidak
ketinggalan. Mereka harus menempuh cara-cara baru yang menguntungkan kedua
pihak atau segala pihak, dengan memberikan pinjaman, persahabatan dan
sebagainya demi kepentingan ekonomi dan perniagaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorongan Politik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorongan
ini menonjol pada masa sekarang sesudah negeri-negeri Islam dan negeri-negeri
Timur umumnya mencapai kemerdekaannya. Pada masa sekarang, setelah berkembang
blok timur dan blok barat, maka masing-masing dari mereka berusaha mempengaruhi
akan masyarakat di mana mereka ditempatkan untuk keuntungan politik dari
negaranya.<br />
Kaum orientalis yang ahli tentang ketimuran itu dengan mudah memasukkan jarumnya
ke negeri-negeri timur. Demikian hebat pengaruh Barat tanpa disadari menusuk ke
dalam jantung kebudayaan Indonesia, karena halusnya politik kebudayaan Barat
yang diatur oleh para ahli dalam kebudayaan Barat. Dengan dorongan politik itu,
dapat dihembuskan semangat perpecahan di antara sesama bangsa yang satu agama
dan di antara bangsa yang berlainan agama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorongan Ilmiah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr.
Mustafa as-Siba’iy menerangkan lebih lanjut, bahwa golongan yang didorong oleh
dorongan ilmiah, sangat sedikit yang salah pemahamannya tentang Islam dan
peninggalan Islam. Karena mereka tidak sengaja untuk menyelewengkan agama Islam
dan memasukkan yang bukan-bukan ke dalam Islam.<br />
Orientalisme memang bukan kajian obyektif dan tidak memihak Islam maupun
kebudayaannya, yang diupayakan secara mendalam bukanlah untuk mendapatkan hasil
penelitian yang baik dan orisinil, melainkan hanya rencana jahat yang
terorganisasikan untuk menghasut para pemuda kita agar memberontak terhadap
agama mereka, dan mencemooh semua warisan sejarah Islam dan kebudayaannya
sebagai warisan yang tidak berguna. Sasaran yang hendak dicapainya adalah
mencipta kekeliruan sebanyak-banyaknya di kalangan pemuda-pemuda yang belum
matang dan mudah ditipu itu dengan cara menanamkan benih keraguan, sinisisme
dan skeptisisme. Para orientalis juga mendorong setiap orang munafik, setiap
kelompok yang tampak di permukaan untuk menanamkan perpecahan dan persengketaan
di kalangan para pemimpin muslimin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita
benar-benar yakin bahwa orientalisme dan modernisasi tidak bisa dipisahkan satu
sama lain. Di lihat dari sudut pandang ideologi, tidak ada perbedaan sama
sekali di antara keduanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahapan
Perkembangan Orientalist</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab langsung munculnya orientalis atau ahli ketimuran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah
adanya studi-studi yang dilakukan oleh ilmuan Barat tentang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ketimuran
baik berupa sastra, sejarah, adat-istiadat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">politik,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lingkungan, maupun agama di
Timur Asia termasuk Islam.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minat orang Barat untuk meneliti masalah-masalah ketimuran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sudah
berlangsung sejak abad pertengahan. Mereka malahirkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sejumlah
karya-karya yang menyangkut masalah ketimuran. Dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rentang
waktu antara abad pertengahan sampai abad ini, secara garis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">besar
orientalisme dapat dibagi tiga periode, yaitu (1) masa sebelum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">meletusnya
perang salib di saat umat Islam berada dalam zaman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keemasannya
(650-1250); (2) masa perang salib sampai masa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pencerahan
di Eropa; dan (3) Munculnya Masa Pencerahan di Eropa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sampai
sekarang<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Masa Sebelum Meletusnya Perang Salib
atau Masa Keemasan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dunia Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa pada
abad pertengahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pandangan orang Eropa tentang Islam berasal dari gagasan kitab
suci</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan teologis. Oleh karena itu, mitologis, teologis dan misionerlah
yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berperan memberikan rumusan untuk mengembangkan wacana resmi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengenai
Islam bagi kaum gereja. Secara mitologis, kaum muslim</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dipahami
sebagai kaum Arab (saracen) keturunan Ibrahim (Abraham)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">melalui
budaknya, Hajar (Hagar) dan putera mereka, Ismail (Ishmael)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada zaman keemasan dunia Islam,
negeri-negeri Islam,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">khususnya Baghdad dan Andalusia (Spanyol) menjadi pusat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">peradaban
dan ilmu pengetahun. Bangsa-bangsa Eropa yang menjadi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penduduk
asli Andalusia meggunakan bahasa Arab sebagai alat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">komunikasi
dan adat istiadat Arab dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka menuntut ilmu di
perguran-perguruan Tinggi Arab. Sejarah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mencatat
bahwa di antara raja-raja Spanyol yang non muslim ada yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hanya
mengenal huruf Arab (misalnya, Peter I (w. 1140, raja Aragon).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Raja Alfonso IV mencetak uang dengan
huruf Arab. Hal ini sama</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan di Sicilia, Raja
Normandia, Ronger I menjadikan istananya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai
tempat para filosof, dokter-dokter, dan ahli Islam lainnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam
berbagai ilmu pengetahuan. Keadaan ini berlanjut sampai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ronger
II. Dimana pakaian kebesarannya digunakan pakaian Arab,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahkan
gerejanya dihiasi dengan ukiran Arab. Wanita kristen Sicilia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">meniru
wanita Islam dalam berbusana.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peradaban Islam itu bukan hanya
berpengaruh bagi bangsa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eropa yang berada di bawah
atau bekas kekuasaan Islam, tetapi juga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bagi
orang Eropa di luar daerah itu. Penuntut ilmu dari Perancis,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inggris,
Jerman dan Italiah datang belajar ke perguruan Tinggi dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Universitas
yang ada di Andalusia dan Sicilia. Di antara mereka itu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah
pemuka-pemuka Kristen, misalnya Gerbert d'Aurillac yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">belajar
di Andalusia dan Adelard dari Bath (1107-1135) yang belajar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di
Andalusia dan Sicilia. Gerbert d'Aurillac kemudian menjadi Paus di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Roma
dari tahun 999-1003 dengan nama Sylverster II. Adapun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adelard
setelah kembali ke Inggris di angkat menjadi guru Pangeran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Henry
yang kelak menjadi raja. Ia menjadi salah satu penerjemah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">buku-buku
Arab ke dalam bahasa Latin<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam suasana inilah muncul orientalisme
di kalangan Barat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Arab mulai dipandang sebagai bahasa yang harus dipelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam
bidang ilmiah dan filsafat. Pelajaran Bahasa Arab dimasukkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ke
dalam kurikulum di berbagai pergurun Tinggi Eropa, seperti di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bologona
(Italia) pada tahun 1076, Chartres (Prancis) tahun 1117,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oxford
(Inggris) tahun 1167, dan Paris tahun 1170. Muncullah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penerjemah
generasi pertama, Constantinus Africanus (w. 1087) dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerard
Cremonia (w. 1187).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan orientalisme pada masa ini adalah
memindahkan ilmu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengetahuan dan filsafat dari dunia Islam ke Eropa. Tujuan ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">meningkatkan
minat mereka dalam mempelajari bahasa Arab di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Universitas-universitas.
Di Italia pelajaran Bahasa Arab diadakan di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Roma
(1303), Florencia (1321), Padua (1361) dan Gregoria (1553); di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perancis
pada tahun 1217, montipellier 1221, Bordeaux 1441; di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inggris
dilaksanakan di Cambrige tahun 1209, sedangkan di bagian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eropa
dimulai pada abad ke 15.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Masa Perang Salib sampai Masa Pencerahan
di Eropa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perang salib antara umat Islam Timur dan
Kristen Barat yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menghabiskan tenggang waktu antara tahun 1096-1291 membawa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kekalahan
bagi Karisten. Namun demikian bukan berarti umat Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak
menderita. Akibat perang salib putra-putra terbaik bangsa gugur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di
medan tempur. Aset-aset dan kekayaan negara berupa sarana dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prasarana
pada saat itu, banyak mengalami kehancuran. Kemiskinan,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dekadensi
moral dan kebodohan terjadi akibat perhatian para</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pemimpin terpokus kepada pertahanan kekuasaan dari serangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tentara
Salib. Oleh karena itu, umat Islam tidak mendapatkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keuntungan
apapun dari perang salib, selain dari kehancuran.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaliknya, meskipun umat Kristen
dinyatakan kalah, tetapi Kontak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam-Kristen ini mempunyai
sumbangsih yang sangat besar terhadap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lahirnya<i>
rennaisance</i> kemajuan peradaban dan ilmu pengetahuan di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eropa
setelah bangsa Eropa tenggelam dalam lautan kegelapan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Nasution,
1996:302).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada periode awal perang salib ini,
dibentuklah studi Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk tujuan misi pada abad
ke 12 pada masa Peter Agung (sekitar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1094-1156
M), kepala Biara Pria Cluny di Prancis yang hingga saat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ini
menjadi lembaga utama pengetahuan Kristen. Pada tahun 1142</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peter
sebagai kepala lembaga mengadakan perjalanan ke Spanyol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
mengunjungi biara-biara Clunic. Pada saat inilah beliau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memutuskan
untuk melakukan sebuah proyek besar untuk melibatkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">beberapa
penerjemah dan sarjana, untuk memulai studi sistematis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang
Islam. Ketika Peter memberikan otoritas untuk penerjemahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
penafsiran teks-teks Islam yang berbahasa Arab terjadilah cerita-cerita cabul
tentang Nabi Muhammad. Cerita itu melukiskan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muhammad
sebagai Tuhan, pendusta, penggemar wanita, seorang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kristen
yang murtad, tukang sihir dan sebagainya (Esposito, et al,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2001:2).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Korpus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (kumpulan naskah) Cluniac yang dikenal sebagai usaha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peter
ini, menjadi standar pengetahuan kesarjanaan Barat tentang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam
pada saat itu (Esposito, et al, 2001:2). Banyak teks Islam yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berbahasa
Arab diterjemahkan termasuk Alquran, hadis, biografi Nabi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(sirah)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan teks opologetik "Opologi Alkindi" yang memuat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perdebatan
antara Kristen dan Muslim yang terjadi pada khalifah al-Ma'mun (813-833).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya
al-Kindi ini sangat populer di kalangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sarjana
Kristen pada abad pertengahan karena memberikan model</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">argumentasi
tentang Islam. Fokus serangan-serangan ini khususnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah
Alquran, kenabian Muhammad, dan penyebaran agama melalui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penaklukan
(jihad). Tiga topik ini merupakan fokus utama dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">telaah
para sarjana Kristen tentang Islam pada abad pertengahan.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam situasi sosial politik ini,
ternyata aktivitas penerjemahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jauh lebih menarik di Eropa
Kristen. Pada akhir abad ke 12 muncul</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sekumpulan
karya peripatetik Muslim Ibn Sina (w. 1037) dan beredar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di
Eropa. Semakin banyaknya karya filosofis dan ilmiah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">diterjemahkan
dari bahasa Arab ke bahasa Latin, para sarjana Eropa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">akhir
abad pertengahan memandang Dunia Muslim kontemporer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai
peradaban sarjana dan filosofis, yang sangat kontras dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">popularitas
pandangan menghina Muhammad dan praktik religious</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam
(Esposito, et al, 2001:2). Sebab lain yang menyebabkan dunia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam
dihormati adalah akibat kesuksesan militer dan diplomasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayyubiyah,
Shalah al-Din (1138-1193) terhadap perang salib.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga kaum Kristen, baik dari
kalangan sarjana, maupun pendeta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pada saat itu, selain
menghormati, juga mengamati sikap dan praktek</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">religius
yang shaleh dari umat Islam.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Munculnya Masa Pencerahan di Eropa sampai Sekarang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketegangan antara Kristen dan Islam yang
timbul akibat adanya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tulisan-tulisan negatif dari para orinetalis yang dialamatkan
kepada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam dan umat Islam mulai mereda setelah memasuki masa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pencerahan<i>
(Enlightenmen)</i> di Eropa yang diwarnai keinginan mencari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kebenaran
(Dewan Redaksi Ensiklopedi Islam, 1999:56). Sikap positif</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ini
muncul akibat adanya perubahan religius, politik, dan intelektual</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
mendalam pada reformasi pada abad ke 16 (Esposito, et al,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2001:3).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada masa pencerahan ini kekuatan rasio
mulai meningkat,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana sebuah tulisan yang dibutuhkan adalah objektif, bukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengada-ada.
Mulailah muncul karya-karya mengenai Islam yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mencoba
bersifat positif, misalnya tulisan Voltaire (1684-1778) dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thomas
Carlyle (1896-1947). Tidak semua tulisan mengenai Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengandung
serangan-serangan dan menjelek-jelekkan, akan tetapi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mulai
ada penghargaan terhadap Nabi Muhammad saw dan Alquran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">serta
ajaran-ajarannya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah masa pencerahan datanglah masa
kolonialisme. Orang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barat datang ke dunia Islam untuk berdagang dan kemudian juga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
menundukkan bangsa-bangsa Timur. Untuk itu bangsa-bangsa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timur
perlu diketahui secara dekat, termasuk agama dan kultur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mereka,
karena dengan itu hubungan menjadi lancar dan mereka lebih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mudah
ditundukkan. Pada masa ini muncullah karya-karya yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mencoba
memberikan gambaran tentang Islam yang sebenarnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Dewan
Redaksi Ensiklopedi Islam, 1999:56). Misalnya, tentang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">agama
dan adat istiadat Indonesia, mucnul tulisan-tulisan Marsden,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Affles,
Wilken, Keyser, Snounk Hurgrunje, Vollenhoven dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagainya.
Bahkan pada saat Napoleon datang ke Mesir pada tahun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1789,
ia membawa sejumlah orientalis untuk mempelajari adat-istiadat, ekonomi, pada
petanian Mesir. Di antara orientalis itu adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langles
(ahli bahasa Arab), Villteau (mempelajari musik Arab), dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Marcel
(mepelajari sejarah Mesir).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada periode ini tulisan-tulisan
orientalis ditujukan untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mempelajari Islam seobjektif
mungkin, agar dunia Islam diketahui dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dipapahami
lebih mendalam. Hal ini perlu karena orientalisme tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bisa
begitu saja terlepas dari kolonialisme, bahkan juga usaha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kristenisasi
(Dewan Redaksi Ensiklopedi Islam,1999:57; Hanafi,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2000:27).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun begitu, awal abad ke-20 juga
ditandai dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">munculnya para orientalis yang berusaha menulis dunia Islam secara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ilmiah
dan objektif. Orientlaisme dijadikan sebagai usaha pemahaman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">terhadap
dunia Timur secara mendalam. Dalam tradisi ilmiah yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">baru
ini, bahasa Arab dan pengenalan teks-teks klasik mendapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kedudukan
utama. Di antara mereka itu adalah Sir Hamilton A.R.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gibb,
Louis Massingnon, W. C. Smith, dan Frithjof Schuon.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sir Hamilton A. R. Gibb sangat mengusai
bahsa Arab dan dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berceramah dengan bahasa Arab, sehingga ia diangkat menjadi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anggota
al-Majma' al-'Ilm al-'Arabi (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arab)
di Damaskus dan al-Majma' al-Lughah al-Arabiyah (Lembaga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
Arab) di Cairo, Mesir. Ia memandang Islam sebagai agama</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
dinamis dan Nabi Muhammad saw mempunyai akhlak yang baik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
benar. Gibb menulis buku tentang Islam dalam berbagai aspeknya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sehingga
mencapai lebih dari 20 buah, sehingga oleh orientalis lain ia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dipandang
sebagai Imam mereka tentang Islam.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sama seperti Gibb, Louis Massingnon juga
mahir berbahasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arab dan menjadi anggota al-Majma' al-Ilm al-'Arabiy serta
al-Majma'</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">al-Lughawi. Ia pernah menjadi dosen filsafat Islam di Universitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairo.
Ia mengatakan bahwa berkat adanya tasawuf, Islam menjadi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">agama
internasional yang pengiktunya ada diseluruh dunia (Dewan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Redaksi
Ensiklopedi Islam,1999:57).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">W.C. Smith mempunyai ilmu yang mendalam
tentang Islam. Ia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah pendiri Institut pengkajian Islam di Universitas McGill di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Montreal,
Canada. Ia mengatakan bahwa Tuhan ingin menyampaikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">risalah
kepada manusia. Untuk itu Tuhan mengirim rasul-rasul dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">salah
satu di antara rasul itu ialah Nabi Muhammad saw.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frithof
Schuon menulis buku dengan judul<i> Understanding Islam</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang mengdapat sambutan baik di dunia Islam. Sayid Hussein
an-Nashr (ahli ilmu sejarah dan filsafat), misalnya, menyebut buku</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tersebut
sebagai buku terbaik tentang Islam sebagai agama dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tuntutan
hidup.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun demikian, tidak semua pendapat
yang ditulis oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">para orientalis modern tentang Islam dapat diterima oleh rasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keagamaan
umat Islam, meskipun secara rasional pendapat tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">benar.
Beberapa di antara mereka tidak luput dari kesalahan dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">memberikan
interpretasi terhadap ajaran-ajaran Islam, di samping juga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">banyak
yang benar.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan-kegiatan para orientalis
meliputi : (1) mengadakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kongres-kongres secara
teratur yang dimulai di Paris (1873) dan di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kota-kota
lain di dunia secara bergantian. Kongres-kongres pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mulanya
bernama Orientalits Congres. Sejak tahun 1870 dan telah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berganti
nama menjadi internasional Congress on Asia and Norrth</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Africa;
(2) mendirikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lembaga-lembaga kajian
ketimuran, di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">antaranya Ecole des Langues Orientalis Vivantes (1975) di
Perancis,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the Schooll of Ariental and African Studies, Universitas London,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1917)
di Inggris, Oosters Institut (1971) di Universitas Leiden, dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Institut
Voor het Moderne Nabije Oosten (1956) di Universitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amsterdam;
(3) mendirikan organisasi-organisasi ketimuran, misalnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Societe
Asiatique (1822) di Paris, American Oriental Society (1842)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di
Amerika Serikat, Royal Asiatic Society di Inggris, dan Oosters</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genootschap
in Nederland (1929) di Leiden; dan (4) menerbitkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">majalah-majalah,
di antaranya<i> Jurnal Asiatique</i> (1822) di Paris,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Journal
of the Royal Asitic Society</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1899) di
London,<i> Journal of the</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">American Oriental Society</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1849) di Amerika Serikat,<i> Revaue du</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monde Musulman</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1907) di
Perancis,<i> Der Islam</i>-<i>Zeustschrift fur</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gesehichte und Kultur des Islamiscen</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1919) di Jerman,<i> The Muslim</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">World</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1917) di
Amerika Serikat, dan<i> Bulletin of the School of</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oriental an African</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1917) di London.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Majalah-majalah ini sebagian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">besar
tertib samapi sekarang.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ruang Lingkup Orientalist</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
garis besar para orientalis melakukan penyelidikan meliputi berbagai bidang
antra lain:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang kepurbakalan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">archeology</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang sejarah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">history</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang Agama (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">religion</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang kesusastraan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">literatures</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang keturunan(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">etnology</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang kemasyarakatan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sosiology</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang adat istiadat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Custom</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang kekuasaan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">politic</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang kehidupan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ekonomi</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang lingkungan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">flora
dan fauna</i>)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang lain-lainnya<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
kajian orientalisme mempunyai karakter khusus yang merupakan bagian yang tidak
dapat dipisahkan dari pemahaman orientalisme itu sendiri yaitu Orientalisme
merupakan suatu kajian yang merupakan suatu ikatan yang sangat erat hubunganya
dengan kolonial barat. Khususnya kaun kolonial Britania dan Perancis sejak
akhir abad 18 hingga usai perang dunia kedua. Kemudian dilanjutkan oleh
kolonial Amerika (sebagai simbol kolonial barat) hingga dewasa ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi
fenomena orientalisme berkaitan erat dengan kolonialisme. Dimana ada
kolonialisme , disitu pula ada orientalisme. Semua negara barat yang penjajah,
mempunyai organisasi orientalisme.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orientalisme merupakan gerakan yang
mempunyai ikatan yang sangat kuat dengan gerakan kristenisasi. Hal ini terbukti
dengan membengkaknya jumlah kaum nasrani yang mensepesialisasikan dirinya dalam
sekolah kepasturan untuk mengkaji kitab-kitab perjanjian lama dan perjanjian
baru. Kemudian mereka dipersiapkan secara khusus ( dengan bekerja sama
orientalisme yahudi) untuk mempelajari tentang Islam dan kaum muslimin, dengan
tujuan yang beraneka ragam. Antar lain mengenal lebih jauh masalah-masalah yang
mungkin dapat digunakan sebagai sarana untuk mengotori citra Islam, menumbuhkan
rasa perselisihan dikalangan umat Islam, serta menumbuhkan rasa keragu-raguan
terhadap ajaran agama Islam dan berusaha semaksimal mungkin untuk memurtadkan
umat ialam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rientalisme merupakan kajian gabungan yang kuat anyara
kolonialisme dengan gerakan kristenisasi, yang validitas ilmiah dan
obyektifitasanya tidak dapat dipertanggung jawabkan secara mutlak, khususnya
daam mengutarakan kajian tentang Islam. Yang demikian itu mereka lakukan dengan
menggunakan segala bentuk sarana dan prasarana. Antar lain seruan untuk
memajukan dan mengaktualisasikan evolusi Islam, westernisasi, dan modernisasi,
asimilasi kebudayaan, ateisme,nasionalisme, dialog pendekatan antar agama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 32.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rientalisme merupakan bentuk kajian yang dianggap paling
potensial bekerja sebagai konsultan bagi negara dalam merencanakan politik
mereka guna diterapkan pada satu wilayah jajahan yang dibarengi dengan gerakan
kristenisasi diseluruh wilayah yang penduduknya beragama Islam. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendekatan yang
dilakukan Orientalsit</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Studi
yang dilakukan para orientalis berangkat dari pradigma berfikir bahwa Islam
agama Islam yang bisa siteliti deri sudut mana saja dan dengan kebebasan
sedemikian rupa. Tidak mengherankan kalau mereka begitu bebasnya menilai,
mengritik bahkan melucuti ajaran-ajaran dasar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang bagi kaum Muslim tabu unuk
dopermasalahkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Studi
yang meeka lakukan meliputi seluruh aspek ajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> seperti sejarah, hukum, teologi,
quran, hadist, tasauf, bahasa, politik, kebuyaan dan pemikiran. Di antara
mereka ada yang mengkaji Islam meliputi seluruh aspek tadi, ada juga yang hanya
meneliti satu aspek saja. Philiph K Hiti, HAR Gibb, dan Montgomery Joseph
Schact pada kajian hukum Islm, David Power pada kajian Quran, dan A J Arberry
pada aspek tasauf.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ekurang-kurangnya terdapat enam dogma orientalisme, yaitu
pertama, ada perbedaan mutlak dan perbedaan sistematik antara Barat yang
rasional, maju, manusiawi dan superior, dengan Timur yang sesat, irrasional,
terbelakang dan inferior. Menurut anggapan mereka, hanya orang Eropa dan
Amerika yang merupakan manusia-penuh, sedangkan orang Asia-Afrika hanya
bertaraf set</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ngah-manusia<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rientalisme memandang Timur sebagai sesuatu yang
kebaradaannya tidak hanya disuguhkan melainkan juga tetap tinggal pasti dalam
waktu dan tempat bagi Barat. Seluruh periode sejarah budaya, politik dan sosial
timur hanyalah dianggap sebagai tanggapan semata-mata terhadap Barat. Barat
adalah pelaku (actor),sedangkan Timur hanyalah penanggap (reactor) yang fasif.
Barat adalah penonton, penilai dan juri bagi setiapsegi tingkah laku Timur<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikap-sikap
orientalis kontemporer, lanjut Said, telah menguasai pers dan pikiran
masyarakat. Orang-orang Arab, umpamanya, dianggap si hidung belang yang senang
menerima suap yang kekayaannya merupakan penghinaan terang-terangan terhadap
peradaban sejati. Selalu ada asumsi bahwa meskipun konsumen Barat tergolong mitoritas
dari penduduk dunia, mereka berhak untuk memiliki atau membelanjakan sebagian
besar sumber daya dunia<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua,
abstraksi dan teorisasi tentang Timur lebih banyak didasarkan pada teks-teks
klasik, dan hal ini lebih diutamakan dari peda bukti-bukti nyata dari mayarakat
Timur yang konkret dan riil. Dalam masalah ini, para orientalis tidak bias
mengelakan tuduhan Edward W Said baha mereka tidak mau menyelidiki perubahaan
yang terjadi dalam masyarakat Timur, tetapi lebih mengutamakan isi teks-tek kuno
sehingga orientalisme berputar-putar di sekitar studi tekstual, tidak
realistis. Philiph K Hitti, umpanya, mengatakan bahwa untuk mempelajari Islam
dan umatnya tidak diperlukan kerangka teori baru karena, menuutnya, masyarakat Islam
yang sekarang Sembilan abad yang lalu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keempat,
pada dasarnya Timut itu merupakan sesuatu yang perlu ditakuti, atau sesuatu
yang perlu ditaklukkan. Apabila seseorang orientalis mempelajari Islam dan
umatnya, keempat dogma itu perlu ditambah dengan dua dogma pokok lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelima,
al-Quran bukanlah wahyu Ilahi, melainkan buku karangan Muhammad yang merupakan
gabungan unsur-unsur agama Yahudi, Kristen, dan tradisi Arab pra-Islam. Seorang
orientalis bernama Chateaubriand, misalnya, mengindoktrinasi murid-muridnya
bahwa al-Quran itu sekedar buku karangan Muhammad. Al-Quran tidak memuat
prinsip-prinsip peradaban maupun ajaran yang memperluhur watak manusia. Ia
bahkan mengatakan, al-Quran tidak mengutuk tirani dan iak mengajurkan cinta
pada keerdekaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keenam,
kesahihan atau orientisitas semua hadis harus diragukan. Malah ada yang
mengeritik syarat-syarat sehihnya hadist seperti yang dilakukan Joseph Schacht.
Amien Rais menyindir bahwa disamping ada hadis riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim ada
juga “hadis riwayat Josep Schacht”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relevansi Kajian
Orientalist</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbagai
macam tanggapan kaum Muslimin terhadap orientalisme. Sebagian mereka ada yang
menganggap seluruh orientalis sebagai musuh Islam. Mereka bersikap ekstrim dan
menolak seluruh karya orientalis. Bahkan di antara mereka ada yang secra emosional
menyatakan bahwa orang Islam yang mempelajaritulisan orientalis termasuk antek
Zions<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kajian Islam yang
dilakukan para orientalis seringkali dipandang oleh kalangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muslim
tidak untuk memahami Islam secara benar, tetapi untuk mendeskreditkannya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">William
G. Millward, misalnya, menemukan kecurigaan kalangan Muslim terhadap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kejujuran
akademik kaum orientalis tadi dalam banyak literatur yang mereka tulis.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Millward
membandingkan, berbeda dengan penulis Muslim Arab yang biasanya lebih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rasional
dalam mengkritisi hasil kajian para orientalis tentang Islam, penulis Muslim
Iran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">umumnya sangat apologetik, hingga kritik mereka terkesan emosional
dan tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">argumentatif.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penulis Muslim yang mempertanyakan kejujuran akademik para
orientalis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tersebut terutama meragukan objektifitas kajian mereka tentang
al-Qur’an serta Nabi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muhammad saw. Para penulis Muslim ini menganggap bahwa sanggahan
terhadap hasil</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penelitian mereka yang sangat merugikan Islam tersebut harus
dilakukan, agar ajaran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam bisa dikembalikan
kepada pemahaman yang autentik, sebagaimana yang diyakini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oleh
pemeluknya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara sederhana, kata
orientalis bisa diartikan “seseorang yang melakukan kajian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang
masalah-masalah ketimuran, mulai dari sastra, bahasa, sejarah, antropologi,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sosiologi,
psikologi sampai agama dengan menggunakan paradigma Eurocentrisme,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hingga
menghasilkan konklusi yang distortif tentang objek kajian dimaksud.”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan
orientalisme moderen berawal dari kajian terhadap Islam sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">fenomena
budaya yang tercermin dalam perilaku dan karakter spesifik pemeluknya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mereka
mempunyai argument bahwa orientalisme bersumber pad aide-ide Kristenisasi yang
menurut Islam sangat merusak dan bertujuan menyerang banteng pertahanan Islam
dari dalam. Karena pada Faktanya tidak sdikit karya-karya orientalis yang
bertolak belakang dengan Islam. H.A.R.Gibb, misalnya, dalam karyanya
Mohammedanism berpendapat bahwa al-Quran hanyalah karangan nabi Muhammad; juga
dengan menanamkan Islam sebagai Mohammedanism, Gibb mencoba menurunkan derajat
kesucian agama wahyu ini, padahal ia tahu persis tak ada seorang manusia Muslim
pun berpendapat bahwa Islam adalah ciptaan Muhammad SAW<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arakter Orientalisme yaitu: pertama, orientalisme adalah
suatu kajian yang mempunyai ikatan yang sangat erat dengan kolonialisme Barat;
kedua, gerakan yang mempunyai ikatan yang sangat kuat dengan kristeniasi;
ketiga, orientalisme merupakan kajian gabungan yang kuat antara kolonialisme
dengan gerakan Kristenisasi yang validitas ilmiah dan obyektivitasnya tidak
dapat dipertanggung jawabkan secara mutlak khususnya dalam mengutarakan kajian
tentang Islam; keempat, orientalisme merupakam bentuk kjian yang dianggap
paling potensial dalam politik Barat untuk malawan Islam<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian
lagi bersikap lebih toleran dan mereka terbagi dalam dua kelompok, bersikap
sangat berlebihan, artimya semua karya tulis kaum orientalis samgat obyektif
dan dapat dipercaya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelompok
lain bersikap hati-hati dan kritis; mereka selalu berusaha berpijak pada
landasan keilmuan. Menurut mereka, cukup banyak karya tulis kaum orientalis
obyektif tentang Islam dan umatnya, karena memang tidak semua karya orientalis
bertolak belakang dengan Islam melainkan hanya sebagian kecilnya saja.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maryam
Jamilah menyatakan bahwa orientalisme tidak sama sekali buruk. Sejumlah pemikir
besar di barat, kata Jamilah, telah menghabiskan umurnya untuk mengkaji Islam
lantaran mereka ecara jujur tertarik terhadap kajian-kajian itu. Tanpa usaha
mereka, banyak diantara pengethuan berharga dalam buku-buku Islam kuno akan
hilang tanpa bekas atau tidak terjamah orang<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Para orientalis dari inggris seperti mendiang Reynold Nicholson dan Arthur J.
Arberry brhasil menulis karya penting beripa penerjemah karya-karya Islam
klasik sehingga terjemahan-terjemahan itu untuk pertama kalinya dapat dikaji
oleh para pembaca di Eropa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
umumnya para orientalis itu bener-bener menekuni pekerjaan penerjemahan ini.
Mereka yang cenderung manbatasi cukupan pengkajiannya hanya pada deskripsi,
kadang-kadang berhasil menulis buku-buku yang sangat bermanfaat, informative
dan membuka cakrawala pemikiran baru. Persoalan timbul pada saat mereka
melangkah terlalu jauh dari batas-batas yang bener dan berusaha menafsirkan Islam
dan pristiwa –pristiwa yang terjadi di Dunia Islam berdasarkan
pendangan-pandangan pribadi yang tidak cocok.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang
paling jelek diantara mereka adalah para orientalis yang mencoba memberikan
saran kepada kita tentang bagaimana seharusnya kita memecahkan
persoalan-persoalan kita dan apa yang seharusnya kita lakukan terhadap agama
kita<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Kritik tajam, ilmiah dan berdampak pada dunia orientalisme dat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ng dari Edward W Said dalam karyanya
Orientalisme. Karya Guru besar Universitas Columbia, New York, ini telah
menimbulkan kehebohan da kontroversi di lingkungan dunia akademis Barat yang
biasa disebut kaum orientalis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Said, orientalisme bukna sekedar wacana akademis tetapi juga memiliki
akar-akarpolitis, ekonomis, dan bahkan relijius. Secara politis, penelitian,
kajian dan pandangan Barat tentang dunia “oriental” b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rtujuan umtuk kepentingan politik
kolonialisme Eropa untuk menguasai wilayah-wilayah muslim. Dan kolonialisme
Eropa tak bias lain berkaitan dengan kepentingan ekonomi dan sekaligus juga
kepentingan keagamaan; tegasnya penyebaran Kristen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketiga
kepentingan yang saling terkait satu sama lain ini tersimpul dalam slogan yang
sangat terkenal tentang ekspansi Eropa ke kaasan dunia Islam, yang mencangkup
3G yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Glory, Gold</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and Gospel</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: “kejayaan, kekayaan ekonomi dan
penginjilan.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua
motif dan kepentingan orientalisme ini secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">implicit</i> juga bersifat rasis. Dan ini tercermin dalam slogan missi
“pembudayaan” terhadap duinia timur”yang terbelakang”,jika tidak”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primitive</i>”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">C. PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Orientalisme merupakan gabungan dari kata <i>oriental</i> dan <i>isme</i>.
Orient dalam bahasa Prancis sendiri berarti Timur baik secara geografis maupun
etnologis. Sedangkan <i>Ism</i> dalam bahasa Inggris atau <i>isme</i> dalam
bahasa Belanda berarti faham. Jadi orientalisme ialah suatu faham atau aliran
yang mengkaji dan meneliti segala sesuatu tentang Dunia Timur baik dari segi
agama-agama, kebudayaan dan peradaban maupun ilmu-ilmu didalamnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah orientalisme secara nyata telah berkembang sekitar abad ke-X M dan
masih berlangsung hingga kini. Meskipun begitu pergesekan ini telah dimulai
sejak masa kejayaan Islam dimana banyak sekali kaum Barat yang menimba ilmu dan
belajar di Dunia Timur terutama Islam karena kejayaannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ruang lingkup objek penelitian orientalisme ini sebenarnya sangat luas
karena mencakup agama, budaya, bahasa, sastra, etnologis, politik dan
sebagainya. Namun kajian orientalisme dalam cakupan sempitnya mengkaji
ilmu-ilmu keagamaan khususnya teks-teks kitab suci dan faham serta
konsep-konsep ke-Islaman.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ibid</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, 290</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Op.cit, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sou’yb, h.3</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Edward W </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Said, <i>Orietalism</i> diterjemahkan oleh Asep Hikmah dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">judul<i> Orientalisme.</i> Cet. III. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bandung: Pustaka</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, 1996), h.3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Op.cit</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, Sou’yb, h.18</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
M.Qadari Ahdal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Hiwarat Ma'a Urubiyyin Ghairu Muslimin</span></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">diterjemahkan dengan judul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Studi Wawancara dengan Sepuluh Tokoh</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Orientalis; Meneliti Persepsi Pakar
Barat Tentang Islam</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Surabaya:Pustaka
Progresif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1996</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">), h.v</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">h.v</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op.cit</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, Sou’yb, h. 37</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.22</span></div>
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<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, h.23</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op.cit </span></i><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sou’yb,</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dewan
Redaksi Ensiklopedi Islam, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ensiklopedi
Islam Jilid IV, </i>(Jakarta: PT Ikhtiar Baru Van Hooeve, 1999), h. 55</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">John </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Esposito,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at. al. <i>The Oxford Ensyclopedia of the
ModernIslamic World</i> diterjemahkan dengan oleh Eva Y.N dkk dengan judul</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ensilopedi Oxford Dunia Islam Modern.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Jilid III. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bandung: Mizan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, 2001), h.1-2</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op.cit, Dewan Redaksi Ensiklodpedi Islam, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h. 56</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
http://asmara-ida.blogspot.com/2010/10/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pengertian-ruang-lingkup-dan-sejarah</i>.html</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
M. Amien Rais, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cakrawala Islam</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bandung:
Mizan, 1986</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ibid.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">h.234</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op.cit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edward </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Said, h.143-144</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Op.cit, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Amin Rais, h.241</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Ahmad Abdul Hamid Ghurab, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">menyingkap
Tabur Orientalisme</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jakarta: pustaka al-Kautsar, 1993</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 21.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op.cit, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Maryam Jamila, h.11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid</span></i></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Harun </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nasution</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <i><span lang="EN-US">Islam Rasional; Gagasan dan Pemikiran.</span></i><span lang="EN-US">
Cet. II.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bandung: Mizan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1995</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">), h.39-40</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ib.id</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Yoesoef</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sou'yb, <i>Orientalisme dan Islam.</i>
Cet. II. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jakarta: Bulan Bintang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
1990</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">), h. 3</span></div>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maryam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jamilah,<i> Islam
and Orientalism</i> diterjemahkan oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Machnun
Husein dengan judul<i> Islam dan Orientalism.</i> Cet. II.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Jakarta:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">PT. Raja Grafindo Persada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1997</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">), h. xviii</span></div>
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<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alwi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Shihab</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i><span lang="EN-US">Islam Inklusif Menuju Sikap Terbuka dalam
Beragama.</span></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cet. IV. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bandung: Mizan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1999</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">), h.289</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5349386529998028837#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ib.id</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, h.290</span></div>
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nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-18766021330682146852012-10-30T00:56:00.003-07:002012-10-30T00:56:48.909-07:00Mengenal Taft<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyebut nama Daihatsu Taft yang akan langsung terbayang dalam benak adalah
sesosok jip pekerja yang sarat dengan ketangguhan dan minim perawatan. Image
ini bukan hal yang terlalu dibesar-besarkan, pada kenyataannya Taft memiliki
reputasi sebagai pekerja keras dari perkotaan hingga pertambangan jauh di
daerah pedalaman.<br />
<br />
Reputasi Taft di Indonesia sudah tersiar sejak awal jip ini diperkenalkan, akan
tetapi semakin kental dengan diperkenalkannya generasi kedua (gen II) yang
diawali debut Taft F70, atau yang terkenal dengan sebutan Taft GT. “Taft ini
memiliki dimensi yang lebih besar dan mesin yang lebih bertenaga, namun juga
bandel, sehingga dipandang lebih ‘manusiawi’ dibandingkan dengan pendahulunya,”
terang H. Kiryono, seorang pengguna Taft GT lansiran 1995. “Sehingga tak
mengherankan jika jip ini banyak disukai oleh kalangan luas,” sambung Dido
pebengkel yang juga menggunakan jip yang diproduksi perusahaan asal Ikeda,
Osaka, Jepang ini.<br />
<br />
Indonesia mengenal sosok generasi kedua Taft sejak tahun 1985. Bentuknya yang
gagah dan cukup moderen pada masa itu banyak menarik perhatian pasar otomotif
nasional. Kehadiran jip bermesin diesel ini dinilai tepat, di mana Toyota Land
Cruiser, Land Rover maupun Jeep CJ-7 yang terlebih dahulu menyerbu pasar dirasa
mulai memudar eksistensinya. <br />
<br />
Pada perkembangannya, Taft GT tidak hadir sendirian. Tapi diikuti F75 Rocky
yang merupakan Taft medium wheelbase yang dilengkapi atap belakang fiberglass,
dan penggerak 4x4. Bersamaan dengan itu, muncul pula F69 Hiline. Varian terakhir
ini yang paling ‘rame’, beranggotakan Taft short wheelbase (SWB), medium
wheelbase (MWB) dan long wheelbase (LWB) stationwagon, atau pikap 4x2. Jika
menemui F69 berpenggerak 4x4, pasti merupakan optional ataupun pesanan khusus.
Namun kesemuanya berawal dari F70 dan bahkan embel-embel GT yang seyogyanya
hanya disematkan pada F70 terkadang masyarakat latah menyelipkannya di antara
varian berkode di luar F70.<br />
<br />
Sejarah Taft Gen II ditutup pada tahun 1995 dan selama sepuluh tahun kiprahnya,
jip ini tergolong minim inovasi. Selama itu jip ini hanya dipersenjatai dua
macam mesin DL41dan DL42 serta dua macam girboks, empat dan lima percepatan.
“Model, ketangguhan, irit dan biaya perawatan rendah menjadikan Taft salah satu
jip yang paling dilirik,” tutur Hendro Adhi Pramono dari bengkel AMS. Hendro
banyak menangani jip yang banyak dipergunakan di areal pertambangan ini. <br />
<br />
“Untuk meminang sebuah Taft GT sebenarnya bukan hal yang sulit, namun perlu
mengingat bahwa jip ini banyak digunakan sebagai kendaraan operasional, berarti
memiliki sejarah mobilitas yang tinggi,” wantinya. <br />
<br />
Sama seperti kendaraan pada umumnya, jika mengidamkan Taft GT yang prima, perlu
memperhatikan faktor utama seperti mesin, bodi dan drivetrain. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bodi sasis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Bodi dan sasis merupakan bagian yang sangat vital dalam proses pemilihan.
Bagian ini yang bakal menyedot biaya besar bila terjadi perbaikan. “Perbaikan
sektor ini bisa menelan biaya lebih besar jika dibandingakan dengan perbaikan
bagian lain seperti mesin sekalipun,” tutur Hendro Adhi. Penggunaan pelat tipis
(0,9 mm) dan bodi panel mulus dan lebar membuat bodi Taft tergolong mudah
penyok dan jadi santapan karat. Pelat tipis bak kaleng krupuk ini juga kerap
pecah ataupun retak karena getaran mesin dieselnya.<br />
<br />
Secara umum karat banyak bersemi di areal lantai, terutama lantai depan di
bagian sopir dan penumpang sampingnya. Saat memilih, usahakan karpet yang
menutupi lantai disibak. Selain itu bagian lisplang dan areal fender khususnya
yang menggunakan overfender merupakan lokasi pembiakan karat lainnya.<br />
<br />
Taft GTL terutama stationwagon merupakan jip buatan karoseri sehingga rentan
dengan permasalahan karat. Bagian depan sampai dengan setelan pintu depan,
merupakan bagian asli bikinan pabrik, sehingga memiliki konsekuensi yang sama
dengan F70 ataupun F75. Sedangkan bodi bagian belakang memiliki kasus karat
yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan karoserinya. <br />
Secara umum problem pada sasis gen II Taft ini sama. Bagian crossmember depan
bagian dalam atau yang menghadap mesin biasanya diteror oleh korosi. Selain itu
periksa juga bagian braket per depan yang menghadap ke dalam, yang merupakan
areal lain yang sering terserang karat. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mesin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Hanya ada dua mesin untuk generasi II Taft di Indonesia. Mesin DL41 2.765 cc
dengan dilengkapi dengan timing gear untuk menggerakkan camshaftnya sehingga
suara mesinnya kasar. Mesin ini menjadi jantung bagi generasi awal dari Taft
Gen II. Keuntungan penggunaan timing gear ini ada pada perawatan yang ringan
dan umurnya yang relatif panjang. Mesin ini dilengkapi dengan pompa injeksi
inline yang mengkontribusi torsi besar. <br />
<br />
DL42 merupakan mesin generasi selanjutnya. Kapasitasnya sama dengan DL41, namun
mesin ini relatif lebih halus karena sudah menggunakan timing belt untuk
menggerakkan camshaftnya. Pompa model rotari yang menyebabkan mesin ini lebih
berjaya di jalanan raya namun harus rela kehilangan sedikit torsinya jika
dibanding pendahulunya. <br />
Wajarnya mesin diesel, dua mesin ini tergolong memiliki suara kasar. Namun
kuping harus jeli jika mesin terdengar lebih kasar dan muncul suara-suara yang
tidak lazim, yang biasanya terdengar seperti logam yang bergesekan. Selain itu
perhatikan pula slang breather yang biasanya menjulur dari mesin. Jika slang
tadi mengeluarkan asap, maka bisa dipastikan bahwa ring piston sudah lemah.
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Drivetrain</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Bagian ini terdiri atas gardan, girboks dan transfercase (bagi Taft 4x4).
Untuk mengeceknya, lebih gampangnya, kita harus mencoba jip tersebut terlebih
dahulu. Perhatikan apakah ada suara mengaung pada bagian gardan belakang. Suara
ini merupakan indikasi terjadi keausan gir gardan. <br />
<br />
Hal ini pun berlaku untuk gardan depan. Tentunya kita harus terlebih dahulu
memposisikan tongkat transfercase pada posisi 4H atau 4L. Cermati bunyi-bunyian
yang ada saat roda berputar dan berbelok. Jika terdengar suara kletek-kletek,
maka bisa dipastikan bahwa as roda telah memasuki masa peremajaan. <br />
Sedangkan untuk girboks, cobalah untuk melakukan perpindahan gigi dengan cepat
pada posisi gigi tinggi ke rendah, atau sebaliknya. Jika gigi perpindahan
terasa berat dan seringkali gigi meloncat sendiri ke posisi netral, bisa
dipastikan sinkromes bermasalah.<br />
<b><br />
Gen II dari tahun ke tahun</b><br />
Taft F70 terlahir sebagai pekerja keras yang mampu berkompromi dengan kondisi
alam yang ganas dan bahan bakar berkualitas rendah. Sejak kemunculannya pada
1985, jip yang dikenal juga sebagai Taft GT ini menjadi primadona baru bagi
penggemar off-road dan pelaku pertambangan.<br />
<br />
Walau tidak pernah terjadi lonjakan, bukan berarti tidak terdapat perubahan.
Selama 10 tahun kiprahnya, Taft F70 mengalami penyesuaian-penyesuaian dengan
kebutuhan zaman dan menjadi jejak rekaman sejarah untuk jip yang satu ini. <br />
<br />
1985 : Menjadi tahun kelahiran bagi Taft F70. Dilengkapi
dengan mesin diesel inline DL 41 berkapasitas 2.765cc. <br />
<br />
1986 : F70 LWB pick-up diperkenalkan. Keluarga besar F69
diperkenalkan mulai dari tipe GTS(SWB), GTX(MWB) dan GTL(LWB) <br />
<br />
1988 : Terjadi facelift, di mana lampu bundar diganti dengan
lampu kotak dengan gril kecil sekaligus menjadi kiprah pertama F75 Rocky.
Bersamaan dengan itu mesin pun diganti dengan tipe DL42.<br />
<br />
1991 : Girboks 4 percepatan manual dipensiunkan. Girboks 5
percepatan manual pun didaulat sebagai penggantinya dan F70 pun bisa dipacu
dengan lebih lega di jalanan aspal.<br />
<br />
1992 : Facelift kembali terjadi, lampu kotak tetap
dipertahankan, namun gril diganti dengan bentuk yang lebih besar.<br />
<br />
1995 : Menjadi tahun pamungkas bagi F70 dan F75. Posisisnya
digantikan oleh Taft F73 atau yang dikenal sebagai Taft Independent dan F78
Rocky Independent pada tahun 1996. <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="background-color: red;">Suryo
Sudjatmiko</span> </span>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-83274527683837361042012-10-30T00:53:00.000-07:002012-10-30T00:53:23.474-07:00Taft<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-3941382483455434202012-10-29T01:34:00.003-07:002012-10-29T01:34:37.050-07:00Kemampuan Berbahasa Menentukan Kecerdasan<strong>KOMPAS.com - </strong>Memang, pertumbuhan kecerdasan anak
dapat dilihat dari kemampuan berbahasanya. Bila perkembangan bahasanya
baik, biasanya intelektualnya pun akan baik. Sebaliknya, bila lambat
maka intelektualnya pun akan lambat.<br />
Meskipun, ada faktor lain
yang juga perlu diperhatikan, yaitu perkembangan motorik kasar, halus,
dan perkembangan sosial. "Tapi yang paling menentukan bagus tidaknya
perkembangan intelektual adalah normalnya perkembangan bahasa dan visual
motor," jelas dr. Widodo Judarwanto, SpA.<br /><br />Bila terjadi gangguan
yang menyebabkan anak terlambat perkembangan bahasanya maka orang tua
perlu mendeteksinya sejak dini. Sebab bila terlambat akan mengakibatkan
gangguan yang lebih berat. "Untuk itu kita perlu mengetahui, di usia
berapa anak mulai bisa bergumam, merespon, mengucapkan kata, dan
seterusnya," ujar Widodo di acara hasil kerja sama nakita dengan PT
Endrass Perdana Film.<br /><br />Di usia 0 sampai 2 minggu biasanya anak
akan mengeluarkan bunyi gumaman, misal "ammmm." Usia 2 bulan vokalnya
bertambah satu, misal "auuu." Usia 3 bulan mulai dapat merespon bunyi.
Mendekati 4 bulan bertambah lagi vokal dan konsonan, misal, "aguuu".
Usia 4-6 bulan bahasa bisa dilihat dengan teriakan dan bunyi mengoceh.<br /><br />Kemudian,
kata pertama yang harus timbul dari anak, sekitar usia 7-8 bulan, misal
da-da-da. 9-12 bulan dia mulai mengerti kata yang diucapkannya, semisal
dia memanggil mama atau papanya. 15 bulan, harus sudah bisa 4-5 kata.
Dan di usia 2 tahun, dia harus punya 20-50 perbendaharaan kata.<br /><br />Bila
pada kenyataanya kemampuan anak bertolak belakang dengan usianya maka
perlu diwaspadai. Apalagi bila sampai umur 10 minggu atau 2,5 bulan
tersenyum saja bayi tidak bisa, itu sudah menunjukkan keterlambatan yang
cukup berat. Sebab, senyum adalah awal reaksi terhadap lingkungan di
sekitarnya. Bila di usia tersebut responnya belum muncul sangat mungkin
berpengaruh pada intelektualnya dan berlanjut pada keterlambatan bicara.<br /><br />Penyebab
keterlambatan berbahasa sangat beragam. Yang sering terjadi adalah
retardasi mental, gangguan pendengaran, stimulus yang kurang, dan
gangguan saat di kandungan. Faktor lain, karena adanya gangguan pada
organ bicara, seperti gangguan lidah, gigi, bibir sumbing, dll.<br /><br />Sebenarnya,
stimulasi dapat dilakukan orang tua untuk menghindari keterlambatan
bicara dan berbahasa. Stimulasi ini dapat dilakukan sejak janin, misal,
dengan musik atau dengan sentuhan. Setelah lahir, bisa dengan kontak
mata, sentuhan, dan latihan-latihan. "Selain itu, karena kemampuan
berbahasa sangat berhubungan dengan otak tentunya nutrisi pun perlu
diperhatikan."nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-54626200031966967732012-10-29T01:27:00.002-07:002012-10-29T01:27:17.354-07:00LISTENING DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BAHASA INGGRIS<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa peran bahasa
Inggris, sebagai bahasa Internasional telah tak tersaingi oleh
bahasa-bahasa asing lainnya. Status bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa
Internasional hari ini, tentunya tidak terlepas dari fakta, bahwa
Inggris sebagai sebuah negara dahulunya adalah sebuah negara adi daya
dengan wilayah jajahan yang sangat luas di dunia. Dengan alasan itulah
yang melatarbelakangi penggunaan bahasa Inggris di dunia. Di dukung
dengan Amerika, sebuah negara yang super power saat ini, menambah
tingkatnya peran bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa Internasional.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mempelajari bahasa Inggris minimal harus menguasai empat aspek berbahasa dalam bahasa Inggris. Yaitu <em>listening, speaking, writing, </em>dan<em> reading</em>.
Empat aspek bahasa itu sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kemampuan
berbahasa Inggris. Semua aspek tersebut diperoleh jika kita
mempelajarinya, namun tidak menutup kemungkinan aspek-aspek tersebut
diperoleh secara genetik atau diwariskan secara hereditas.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tujuan utama dari tulisan ini adalah membicarakan peran <em>listening</em> dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa Inggris. Titik tekan dari tulisan ini lebih pada bagaimana meningkatkan kemampuan <em>listening</em> tanpa dipelajari dan diperoleh melalui interaksi sosial.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Untuk mempelajari<em> listening</em>,
kita tidak hanya harus berinteraksi sosial, tetapi juga dapat diperoleh
dan dipelajari sendiri (otodidak). Sebagai contoh, mempelajari <em>listening</em> menggunakan media seperti film dan musik, tentunya dengan mengunakan bahasa Inggris. Mempelajari <em>listening</em>
dengan cara diatas akan berdampak positif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan
berbahasa. Contoh, dengan menyimak film-film berbahasa Inggris,
sebaiknya subtittle pada layar dihilangkan. Dapat pula dipelajari dengan
melihat gerakan mulutnya. Hal ini dapat bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan <em>pronounciation</em>
(cara pengucapan dalam berbahasa Inggris). Selain menggunakan film
sebagai media untuk mempelajari listening, dapat pula menggunakan musik,
yaitu dengan lagu yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Dengan syarat
pemilihan lagunya harus dengan <em>pronounciation</em> yang jelas.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Caranya mudah, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:</div>
<ol>
<li>Mendengarkan saja. Lakukan hal tersebut beberapa kali untuk membiasakan telinga dengan pengucapan bahasa Inggris</li>
<li>Saatnya menyimak. Bawa catatan kecil, dengarkan lagunya dengan seksama, kemudian catat beberapa kata yang tidak diketahui</li>
<li>Cari kata tersebut di dalam kamus. Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah arti satu kata adalah tergantung dari konteks kalimatnya</li>
<li>Tulis semua lirik tersebut secara utuh, kemudian artikan secara keseluruhan, dan selanjutnya cocokkan dengan lirik aslinya</li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sebagaimana yang telah dikatakan sebelumnya, tulisan ini berkaitan dengan bagaimana mempelajari <em>listening</em>
yang merupakan salah satu aspek dalam bahasa Inggris. Oleh karena itu,
beberapa hal yang perlu dicermati adalah dampak dari mempelajari l<em>istening</em> terhadap kemampuan berbahasa Inggris.<br />
Dampak positif mempelajari <em>listening</em> dengan menggunakan media sebagai penunjang, yaitu meningkatnya kemampuan <em>pronounciation</em>, bertambahnya <em>vocabulary</em> dalam memori kita, dan dapat mengartikan secara keseluruhan kalimat-kalimat yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: navy;">Yani Yuliani Yusoep</span> </div>
nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-72399669113000740062012-10-29T01:14:00.004-07:002012-10-29T01:14:54.907-07:00Listening 1Listening 1 materials <br />
1. Calender <a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20%09http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450123/004.Calendars.mp3.html">in this link</a><br />
2. Name <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450125/005.Names-Quiz.mp3.html">in this link</a><br />
3. Shopping and price <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450124/007.ShoppingandPrices-Copy.mp3.html">in this link</a><br />
4. <span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">Introductions and Small Talk <a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20%09http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450120/006.IntroductionsandSmallTalk.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">5. Telling time <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450118/008.TellingTime-Copy.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">6. </span><span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">Memories of Our Vacation <a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20%09http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450121/009.MemoriesofOurVacation.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">7. </span><span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">Small Talk <a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20%09http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450116/010.SmallTalk-Copy.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">8. Family Relationship <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450117/011.FamilyRelationships_2.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">9. Clothing and fashion <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450122/012.ClothingandFashion.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">10. Shopping center <a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20%09http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450126/013.ShoppingCenters-Copy.mp3.html">in this link</a> </span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">11. Restaurant <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450301/014.Restaurants-Copy.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">12. ESL program <a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20%09http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450299/015.ESLPrograms.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">13. Hobbies <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450297/016.Hobbies.mp3.html">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">14. Movie <a href="http://in%20this%20link/">in this link</a></span><br />
<span class="fontfamilyverdana normal11bluebold">15. Telephone conversation <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450293/018-TelephoneConversations-Copy.mp3.html">in this link</a></span>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-75251142478832188092012-10-23T18:02:00.002-07:002012-10-23T18:02:42.505-07:00Study a Balance of the 4 Key Skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing)<h1>
</h1>
Most students want to communicate better in English. If this is one of your goals, it is important to study a <b>balance</b>
of the four major skills. Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing are
the main (macro) skills you need to communicate in any language. Being
very good at only <b>one</b> of these skills will not help you to
communicate. For example you need to be able to read well before you can
write well. You also need to be able to listen before you can speak. It
helps to think of these communicative skills in two groups.<br />
<ul>
<li><b>IN put </b>
<ul>
<li>Listening (in through your ears)</li>
<li>Reading (in through your eyes)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>OUT put </b>
<ul>
<li>Speaking (out through your mouth)</li>
<li>Writing (out through your hand)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
It's simple. Think of it this way. First you have input. Next you
have output. First you listen to someone ask you a question. Second you
speak and give them your answer. First you read a letter from someone.
After that you write back to them. These are examples of communicating.<br />
Input and output don't necessarily go in a specific order. Sometimes
you speak first and then you listen. Sometimes you write about something
you hear. During communication, the person you are communicating with
uses one of the opposite skills. Therefore, in order to understand each
other, everyone must be skillful in all four areas.<br />
Some students want to know which skill is the most important. Since
all of the skills rely on each other, they are all important. However,
to communicate we do use some skills more often than others. For
example, about 40% of the time that we spend communicating we are simply
listening. We speak for about 35% of the time. Approximately 16% of
communication comes from reading, and about 9% from writing. These
statistics are for an average communicator in English. Depending on
someone's job or situation, these numbers may vary.<br />
Each of these main skills have micro skills within them. For example,
pronunciation is a type of speaking skill that must be practised in
order to improve communication. Spelling is a skill that makes
understanding the written word easier. Grammar and vocabulary are other
micro skills. Micro doesn't mean they are unimportant. Macro skills such
as listening are very general, while micro skills are more specific.<br />
For the best results, create an agenda that combines all four areas
of study. Allow one type of studying to lead into another. For example,
read a story and then talk about it with a friend. Watch a movie and
then write about it. This is what teachers in an English class would
have you do, right? EnglishClub.com has lessons in all 4 key skills (and
all minor skills), as well as many outside links to help you study
further.<br />
<br />
<h2>
1. How to learn LISTENING</h2>
<ul>
<li><b>Listen to the radio</b><br />
Don't always have a pen in hand. Sometimes it helps to just listen.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Watch English TV</b><br />
Children's programming is very useful for ESL learners.<br />
Choose programs that you would enjoy in your own language.<br />
Remember that much of what you hear on TV is <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.slangcity.com/">slang</a></span>.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Call Automated Answering Machine recordings</b><br />
You can find these numbers at the front of telephone books in many
English-speaking countries. Before you dial, make sure that you are
calling the free numbers.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Watch movies</b><br />
Choose ones with subtitles, or one from <a href="http://eslnotes.com/">ESLNotes.com</a> (provides useful notes on popular movies).<br />
</li>
<li><b>Use Internet listening resources</b><br />
Every day there are more and more places to <a href="http://iteslj.org/links/ESL/Listening/">listen to English online</a>.<br />
<br /><a href="http://www.englishclub.com/esl-articles/200204.htm"></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
2. How to learn SPEAKING and pronunciation</h2>
<ul>
<li><b>Talk to yourself</b><br />
Talk about anything and everything. Do it in the privacy of your own
home. If you can't do this at first, try reading out loud until you feel
comfortable hearing your own voice in English.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Record your own voice</b><br />
This might feel very uncomfortable, but it will help you find your weak
pronunciation points. Listen to yourself a few days later. Which sounds
do you have difficulty hearing?<br />
</li>
<li><b>Use the <a href="http://www.englishclub.com/speaking/telephone.htm">telephone</a></b>.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Participate in class</b><br />
</li>
<li><b>Learn common idioms</b><br />
</li>
<li><b>Understand the sounds that your language doesn't have</b><br />
For example, many languages don't have the "r" sound. These sounds require extra practice.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Recognize that teachers are trained to understand you</b><br />
When you get out into the real world, average people will have a more
difficult time understanding you unless you practise speaking slowly and
with proper pronunciation.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Practise minimal pairs</b><br />
</li>
<li><b>Study word and sentence <a href="http://www.englishclub.com/esl-articles/199810.htm">stress</a></b><br />
</li>
<li><b>Practice <a href="http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/tongue-twisters.htm">tongue twisters</a></b><br />
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
3. How to learn READING and vocabulary</h2>
<ul>
<li><b>Read something every day</b><br />
Children's books, simplified readers (Penguin), newspapers, magazines, Internet sites, novels, and much much more...<br />
</li>
<li><b>Read what interests you.</b><br />
Remember that you learn better when you are having fun.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Read at the appropriate level</b><br />
You want to learn new vocabulary, but you also want to understand what
you are reading. If you are looking up every word, the reading is too
difficult.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Review Who, What, Where, When, Why for each story you read</b><br />
You can do this for almost any type of reading. Who is it about? What
happened? Why did it happen? Where did it take place? When did it take
place? This is very useful when you have no comprehension questions to
answer. You can write or speak your answers.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Always have an English-English dictionary nearby</b><br />
It is a bad habit to always rely on a translation dictionary or electronic dictionary.<br />
Think of your <a href="http://esl.about.com/od/engilshvocabulary/tp/tp_dict.htm">English-English dictionary</a> as your life line.<br />
Use online dictionaries when you are using the Internet (keyword online dictionary).<br />
</li>
<li><b>Record vocabulary in a personal dictionary</b>
<ul>
<li>Keep this notebook separate from other work</li>
<li>Record vocabulary in alphabetical order (an English address book works well because it has letters of the alphabet)</li>
<li>Record the part of speech (sometimes there is more than one)</li>
<li>Write a sample sentence for yourself (don't use the one from the dictionary)</li>
<li>Review your personal dictionary (especially new entries) every night before bed</li>
</ul>
<br />
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
4. How to learn WRITING and spelling</h2>
<ul>
<li><b>Keep a diary/journal</b><br />
Don't always pay attention to grammar. Free-writing can be very useful.
It can show you that writing is fun. Have fun with the language.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Write emails in English</b><br />
Stay in contact with teachers or other students.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Rewrite your local news in English</b><br />
This is another exercise that can be done on a daily basis. Remember that regular activities are the best ones.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Learn important <a href="http://www.dyslexia.org/spelling_rules.shtml">spelling rules</a></b><br />
Remember, you won't always have a dictionary or a spell-checker handy,
especially when you are writing a test. Even native English speakers
need to review the spelling rules from time to time.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Learn <a href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/misspelled.html">commonly misspelled words</a></b><br />
</li>
<li><b>Learn <a href="http://www.wsu.edu/%7Ebrians/errors/">common English errors</a></b><br />
</li>
<li><b>Get an ESL <a href="http://www.englishclub.com/esl-forums/viewforum.php?f=16">penpal</a></b></li>
</ul>
<h1>
More TIPS for learning English</h1>
<h2>
Don't be afraid of grammar</h2>
<ul>
<li><b>Grammar is for communication</b><br />
Sometimes students get obsessed with grammar. This is especially true
for students who grew up with strict grammar schooling. Remember that
you only study grammar in order to communicate. Practise with a few
exercises, then write an essay or have a conversation and try to use
your new tools.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Isolate your weak points</b><br />
Don't waste time on grammar exercises that you already understand just
because they are easier for you. Concentrate on grammar that is
difficult for you. If you are unsure of where your problems are, write a
few short essays or paragraphs and ask a teacher to circle repeated
errors. Then you can look up your problem and practise it.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Teach grammar points to a friend</b><br />
Find a friend who studies at a lower level than you. Teaching will force
you to remember the rules and to understand them properly. Try
preparing a worksheet for your friend.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.iei.uiuc.edu/web.pages/grammarsafari.html"></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
Improve your homework skills</h2>
<ul>
<li>Stay organized. Keep separate notebooks for exercises, writing, and vocabulary.</li>
<li>Use a pen that you love.</li>
<li>Study in short, regular periods.</li>
<li>Allow a short amount of time for review.</li>
<li>Study in a place where you feel happy and comfortable.</li>
<li>Don't allow distractions. Consider email, TV, and the telephone (unless in English) off limits while you are studying.</li>
<li>Have a drink and snack handy so that you don't have to get up.</li>
<li>If you study in pairs or groups, make an English-only rule.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Visit an English-Speaking Country</h2>
<ul>
<li>Take a language holiday.</li>
<li>Stay with a homestay family.</li>
<li>Learn from native English teachers.</li>
<li>Gain access to English culture.</li>
<li>Get a part-time job.</li>
<li>Volunteer.</li>
<li>Make native English friends.</li>
<li>Make friends with people from other countries.</li>
<li>Become more confident.</li>
<li>Hire a tutor.</li>
<li>Offer language lessons/swap in your own native tongue.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Prepare for a standardized test such as TOEIC or TOEFL</h2>
<ul>
<li>Qualify for a better job in your country (TOEIC).</li>
<li>Get accepted to an American college or university (TOEFL).</li>
<li>Use guided-study text books.</li>
<li>Study a broad range of whole language.</li>
<li>Track your improvement easily (test scores).</li>
<li>Learn idiomatic language.</li>
<li>Learn business English (TOEIC).</li>
<li>Improve your vocabulary quickly.</li>
<li>Take classes and get access to many listening exercises.</li>
<li>Challenge yourself to improve your score.</li>
<li>Learn and practise proper essay format (TWE/NEW TOEFL).</li>
<li>Become a grammar expert.</li>
<li>Improve your general knowledge.<br />
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Fun with English Ideas</h2>
<ul>
<li>Have an English-only evening once a week. Cook in English (rewrite your recipe in English) or watch English movies.</li>
<li>Write an English love letter. (If your loved one doesn't understand English that's even better!)</li>
<li>Write English <a href="http://www.poetry-online.org/limericks.htm">limericks</a>. (These are excellent and simple for writing, pronunciation and rhythm practice.)</li>
<li>Rewrite fairytales, jokes or instructions in English.</li>
<li>Go out and pretend you don't understand your native language (try to get by in only English).</li>
<li>Go online and find the lyrics to your favourite English songs and sing along to them (use a search engine).</li>
<li>Learn the words to English <a href="http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9897">national anthems</a>. Sing along when you hear them on TV (sporting events).</li>
<li>Invent an English character for yourself (with job, family, etc). Write this person's biography.</li>
<li>Buy an English board game (like Monopoly or Scrabble).</li>
<li>Play cards in English.</li>
<li>Start up or join an English reading or conversation club.</li>
<li>Talk to yourself in English while you clean or do the dishes.</li>
<li>Go around the house and try to name everything in English (furniture, clothes etc). Look up words you don't know.</li>
</ul>
<b>http://www.englishclub.com/learn-english/learn-english-how.htm</b> nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-22877505475169369772012-10-23T17:58:00.001-07:002012-10-23T17:58:30.610-07:00How To Learn English<h2>
Tips for Beginners</h2>
<ol>
<li><b>You are like a new baby</b><br />
Babies learn their language slowly.<br />
First they learn to <b>listen</b>.<br />
Then they learn to <b>speak</b>.<br />
Finally, they can <b>read</b> and <b>write</b>.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Listen to English every day</b><br />
Listen to English radio.<br />
Watch English TV.<br />
Go to English movies.<br />
Use online lessons.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Make an English/ESL friend</b><br />
Make up conversations.<br />
Practise dialogues.<br />
Use beginner textbooks.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Read English stories</b><br />
Start with children's storybooks.<br />
Try ESL readers.<br />
Read advertisements, signs and labels.<br />
Try EnglishClub.com for Young Learners.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Write down new words</b><br />
Start a vocabulary (new word) notebook.<br />
Write words in alphabetical order (A...B...C...).<br />
Make example sentences.<br />
Always use an English-English dictionary first.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Keep an English diary</b><br />
Start with one sentence.<br />
How do you feel?<br />
How is the weather?<br />
What did you do today?<br />
Write another sentence tomorrow.<br />
</li>
<li><b>Visit an English speaking country</b><br />
Learn English more quickly.<br />
Stay with an English family.<br />
Hear native speakers talk.<br />
Have a fun experience.</li>
</ol>
nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-34422837117017089972012-10-23T17:56:00.000-07:002012-10-23T17:56:06.436-07:00Listening: A good way to learn English<h1>
</h1>
<br />
Everyone knows that there are four skills in learning a language,
namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. They are always related
in terms of usage, and <b>speaking</b> is viewed by learners as the
most desirable skill in face-to-face communication in the globalization
era. However, what is the answer to the following questions?<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li>What do you have to do before you can speak?</li>
<li>What does a child learn before he talks?</li>
<li>What do we do before chatting?</li>
</ul>
<b>Listen</b>, of course!<br />
Naturally, children begin listening to their parents when they are
babies. They are often greeted, spoken to and admired without any
response expected. Though nobody knows if the baby understands the
spoken words, the process continues. Children automatically acquire such
language over some time, and later on gradually produce it through
actual experience. The production may be incomplete at first, but
successful at last. That leads to speaking skill which is quite
applicable to daily conversation.<br />
In learning English, listening can help improve speaking
considerably. Although it is the first of all skills, it is neither the
easiest nor the most meaningless. We need to hear various types of
English repeatedly and continuously if we want to communicate properly,
meaningfully and naturally.<br />
<h4>
Why is listening good?</h4>
<ol>
<li>When listening, we are reviewing a lot of English usage such as
vocabulary, grammatical structures, intonation, accent and our own
interpretation.</li>
<li>We can learn new words and expressions by hearing them frequently.</li>
<li>Besides the English revision, general knowledge from news, features,
or even advertising spots is certainly beneficial for regular
listeners.</li>
<li>We can imitate what we hear and apply it with great confidence.</li>
<li>Listening can be a good "hobby" while we do other things such as
cooking, ironing, exercising, relaxing etc. In other words, we have no
wasted time at all.</li>
<li>Listening is also a great way to train our attention.</li>
</ol>
<h4>
How can we listen to English?</h4>
Nowadays, radio cassette recorders are household appliances, but we
often overlook their radio function. We can experience English language
radio programmes almost anywhere in the world. They are usually picked
up on FM bands and aired particularly for foreigners. Short wave radio
programmes are another option. Two of the most easily found English
language broadcasters are the BBC and Voice of America. Today, you can
even access them by internet. You'll find some useful links for
listening to the radio by internet, including "News in Easy English"<br />
(Weena Kanadpon) <br />
nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-37321571928314375232012-10-03T22:55:00.002-07:002012-10-03T22:55:18.135-07:00Tasks for listening 1<br />
1. Name <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450125/005.Names-Quiz.mp3.html">check </a><br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Introduction
and Small Talk <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/20450120/006.IntroductionsandSmallTalk.mp3.html">check</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Do these exercises and submit for the next meeting!</span><br />
<br />nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-20627433829180766622012-04-02T22:40:00.000-07:002012-04-02T22:40:25.712-07:00The Sound Systems between English and Arabic; A comparative studyStudi ini mencoba untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan dasar yang, apa sistem suara bahasa Inggris? Apa sistem suara Arab? Dan bagaimana sistem suara Arab berbeda dari sound system bahasa Inggris? Semua pertanyaan ini mengacu pada satu tujuan dasar yang adalah untuk mengakomodasi satu bahasa kepada mereka yang belajar bahasa Inggris atau bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa kedua dengan pengucapan yang benar dari suara.<br />
<br />
Penelitian ini menjelaskan banyak hal dalam fonetik bahasa Inggris seperti: definisi fonetik, perbandingan antara konsonan dan vokal.<br />
<br />
Penelitian ini juga mencoba untuk memberikan beberapa informasi tentang produksi suara Arab, deskripsi konsonan Arab dan deskripsi vokal Arab.<br />
<br />
Selain penjelasan sound system sound system bahasa Inggris dan Arab; memberikan perbandingan antara mereka dianggap sebagai tujuan yang sangat penting. Kita menemukan dalam bab tiga banyak kesamaan dan perbedaan antara dua sistem. Ada konsonan umum, konsonan terbatas pada bahasa Inggris, konsonan terbatas pada Arab, vokal umum, vokal terbatas pada bahasa Inggris, dan vokal terbatas pada bahasa Arab.<br />
<br />
Singkatnya, penelitian ini mencoba untuk membandingkan antara fonetik Arab dan Inggris fonetik dengan memberikan beberapa penjelasan tentang konsonan dan vokal bahasa Inggris.<br />
Setiap bahasa memiliki sistem sendiri fonetik, tetapi dalam penelitian ini kita membandingkan antara dua sistem yang sistem suara sound system bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tiga hal, Pertama, sistem suara bahasa Inggris. Selanjutnya, sistem suara Arab. Akhirnya, perbandingan antara kedua sistem. Semua tujuan ini mengacu pada satu tujuan dasar yang adalah untuk mengakomodasi satu bahasa kepada mereka yang belajar bahasa Inggris atau bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa kedua dengan pengucapan yang benar dari suara.<br />
<br />
Dalam bahasa Inggris fonetik kita menjelaskan konsonan berdasarkan tiga kriteria yang tempat artikulasi, cara artikulasi dan menyuarakan. Menurut tempat artikulasi, konsonan bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi delapan kelompok yaitu: bilabials, labio-dentals, dentals, alveolars, platao-alveolars, palatal, velars dan glottals. Namun menurut cara artikulasi bunyi bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi enam kelompok yaitu: berhenti, frikatif, affricates, nasal, lateral dan aproksiman.<br />
<br />
<br />
Suara vokal Inggris dijelaskan sesuai dengan tiga kriteria yaitu: frontness - pembulatan - backness, kedekatan - keterbukaan, dan bibir.<br />
<br />
Sebaliknya, dalam bahasa Arab fonetik kita menjelaskan suara sesuai dengan sepuluh kriteria yaitu: bilabials, dentals labio, alveolars, terkedik, palatal, velars, uvulars, pharyngals dan glottals. Setiap kelompok memiliki banyak karakteristik seperti jauh, lembut, whishpered, diperbesar, halus, merdu, hidung, melengkung, dan getar.<br />
<br />
Vokal Arab hanya delapan yang adalah: a فتحة, aa الألف, u الضمة, uu الواو, saya الكسرة, ii الياء, ai أي, dan au أو.<br />
<br />
Ada beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan antara dua sistem, kita memiliki delapan belas konsonan umum dalam bahasa Inggris dan Arab seperti / b /, / t /, / d /, / k /, / s /, / j /, / f / , / z /, / s /, / h /, / l /, / m /, / n /, / w /, / r /, / /, / /, dan / y /. Ada sepuluh konsonan dibatasi untuk seperti bahasa Arab sebagai / T / / ط /, / q / / ق /, /? / / ء /, / D / / ض /, / S / / ص /, / H / / ح / , / X / / خ /, / D / / ظ /, / G / / غ /, dan / 9 / / ع / dan ada konsonan dibatasi untuk Inggris seperti / p /, / g /, / c /, / v /, / / dan / z /.<br />
<br />
Dalam bahasa Arab ada delapan fonetik vokal tiga dari mereka yang umum untuk kedua Bahasa Inggris dan Arab seperti / i, a, u /. Empat dari mereka yang dibatasi untuk Inggris seperti / e, æ, i, ə /. Hanya satu vokal dibatasi ke Arab yang merupakan / a: /. <div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><br />
Sumber: <a href="http://id.shvoong.com/humanities/linguistics/2250822-sound-systems-english-arabic-comparative/#ixzz1qx98IM9M" style="color: #003399;">http://id.shvoong.com/humanities/linguistics/2250822-sound-systems-english-arabic-comparative/#ixzz1qx98IM9M</a></div>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-65174177347853890472012-04-02T22:35:00.000-07:002012-04-02T22:35:43.653-07:00Fonetik dan Bidang Kajiannya<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></b> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fonetik merupakan bidang kajian ilmu pengetahuan (<i>science</i>) yang menelaah bagaimana manusia menghasilkan bunyi-bunyi bahasa dalam ujaran, menelaah gelombang-gelombang bunyi bahasa yang dikeluarkan, dan bagaimana alat pendengaran manusia menerima bunyi-bunyi bahasa untuk dianalisis oleh otak manusia (O’Connor, 1982: 10-11), </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ladefoged, 1982: 1).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Menurut Gorys Keraf (1978), fonetik adalah ilmu yang menyelidiki dan menganalisa bunyi-bunyi ujaran yang dipakai dalam tutur, serta mempelajari bagaimana menghasilkan bunyi-bunyi dengan alat ucap manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menurut Clark dan Yallop (1990), </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">f</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">onetik merupakan bidang yang berkaitan erat dengan kajian bagaimana cara manusia berbahasa serta mendengar dan memproses ujaran yang diterima. Lebih lanjut, fonetik ini sangat berguna untuk tujuan-tujuan seperti pengajaran diksi, penguasaan ujaran bunyi-bunyi bahasa asing, perbaikan kualitas bertutur bagi mereka yang menghadapi masalah kurang daya pendengarannya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a name='more'></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Secara umum, fonetik dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bidang kajian, yaitu fonetik fisiologis, fonetik akustik, dan fonetik auditoris atau fonetik persepsi (Dew dan Jensen, 1977:19)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fonetik Fisiologis</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fonetik fisiologis a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">dalah suatu bidang ilmu oengetahuan yang mengkaji tentang fungsi fisiologis manusia (Liberman, 1977 : 3). Seseorang yang ingin mengkaji bunyi-bunyi behasa harus mengetahuai juga berbagai struktur mekanisme peraturan, memehami fungsi setiap mekanisme tersebut, dan peranan nya dalam menggasilkan berbagai bunyi behasa (Singh dan Singh, 1876 : 2). Fonetik yang menkaji tentang penghasilan bunyi-bunyi bahasa berdasarkan fungsi mekanisme b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ologis organ tutur manusia di namakan fonetik fidiologis.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fonetik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Akustik </span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kajian fonetik akustik bertumpu pada struktur fungsi bunyi-bunyi bahasa dan bagaiman alat pendengaran manusia memberikan reaksi kepada bunyi-bunyi bahasa yang di teriman (Mallberg, 1963 : 1).ada tiga ciri untama bunyi-bunyi bahasa fonetik akustik, yaitu frekuensi, tempo, kenyaringan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fonetik Audiotoris Atau Fonetik Perseps</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kajian ini meneliti bagaimana seorang pendengar menanggapi bunyi-bunyi yang di terima sebagai bunyu-bunyi yang perlu dip roses sebagai bunyi-bunyi bahasa bermakna, dan apakah cirri bunyi-bunyi bahasa dianggap penting oleh pendengar dalam usaha untuk membedakan setiap bunyi bahasa yang di dengar (Singh dan Singh, 1976, 5).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">K</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">etidak lancaran Berujar yang Terkait dengan Kajian Fonetik</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Masalah ketidaklancaran berujar oleh penutur ini dapat dilihat dari segi atau keadaan kelemahan organ pertuturannya, keadaan suaranya (terutama dari segi nada dan kenyaringan), dan kelancarannya berujar (Thomas dan carmack, 1990:2). Permasalahannya ini bisa disebabkan oleh kegagapan (<i>stuttering</i>), <span> </span>kelumpuhan saraf otak (<i>cerebral palsied</i>), belahan langit-langit mulut, rusak pendengaran <i>(hearing impaired).</i></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kagagapan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(<i>Stuttering</i>)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menurut Ainsworth (1975), gagap merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">berhubungan dengan ketidak lancaran ketika berbahasa, yang di alamai oleh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">seorang penutur. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ciri-ciri kegagapan adalah:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemandekan (atau kemendekan) merujuk kapada ketidak mampuan penutur untuk menggerakan atau mengawali gerak articulator-artkulator pertuturan untuk menghasilkan suatu perkataan yang di kehendaki.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemanjangan merujuk kepada keadaan memanjangkan bunyi dalam jangka</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">waktu yang lebih lama di bendingkan dengan jangka waktu normal.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengulangan merujuk pada keadaan mengulang secara berturut-turut bunyi-bunyi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">tertentu dala suku kata, frase atau kalimat ketika d ujarkan dalam suatu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">percakapan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelumpuhan Saraf Otak (<i>Cerebol Palsied</i>)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Istilah "kelumpuhan otak" merujuk pada kecederaan di bagian tengah system nervours otak manusia, yang mengakibatkan proses arahan dan perpisahan dari otak ke saraf penggerek yang mendorong pergerakan anggota tubuh sangat lemah bahkan tidak berfungsi (Mysak, 1990 : 499-500). Dalam kasus ini, fonetisi berusaha membantu penutur yang mengalami kelumpuhan saraf otak ini untuk berlatih menggerakan artikulator-artikulator ke posisi yang tepat sesuai dengan bunyi bahasa yang di hasilkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Belahan Langit-Langit Mulu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">t </span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan pemahaman tentang keadaan articulator dan titik artikulasi serta tekanan dan aliran rongga mulut/hidung, penutur yang mempunyai belahan lengit-langit mulut ini, ahli fonetik bias mencoba membantu memperbaiki kualitas bunyi yang di hasilkan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rusak Pendengaran (<i>Hearing Impaired</i>)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penutur yang mempunyai kualitas pendengaran yang rendah berkemngkinan gagal untuk mengenal dengan beik bunyi-bunyi yang berfrekuensi tinggi, misalnya bunyi [s] dan [f]. karena itu dia akan menghadapi masalah ketika memahai perkataan dalam suatu ujaran yang mengandung bunyi-bunyi yang berfrekuensi tinggi tersebut. (Thomas dan Carmach, 1990 : 24).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kondisi Kajian Fonetik</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Kajian fonetik di Barat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span>Di Barat, kajian linguistik dilakukan dengan cara <i>scientific</i> atau ilmiah. Berbagai alat pemeriksaan, penyelidikan, dan percobaan diadakan. Banyak hasil diperoleh dari penyelidikan ini. Selama ini, kajian fonetik ilmiah ini belum berkembang dengan baik. Hasil kajian hanya memberikan penjelasan kepada kita mengenai bagaimana gerakan alat-alat bicara dan hasil-hasil yang diperolehnya. Penjelasan-penjelasan ini belum sampai kepada kegunaan praktis dalam kehidupan berbahasa sehari-hari, termasuk miasalnya bagaimana menangani penutur yang mempunyai cacat wicara.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Sejarah Perkembangan kajian fonetik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengkajian fonetik ditangani secara serius sejak terbentuknya International Phonetic Assosiation (IPA) pada tahun 1886 di Barat, walaupun buku-buku yang membicarakan bunyi bahasa telah terbit sejak tahun 1569.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Walaupun IPA terbentuk tahun 1886, di Inggris sendiri pengkajian fonetik digeluti secara intensif mulai tahun 1907, yaitu setelah University of London mengakui usaha-usaha Daniel Jones (seorang pakar fonetik Inggris terkenal) dan melantiknya sebagai dosen dalam pengkajian fonetik di University Callage.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dengan terbentuknya Asosiasi Fonetik Internasional ini banyak kemajuan yang dihasilkan, terutama antara tahun 1910-1930. di antara mereka merasa perlu pertemuan para fonetesi dunia. Akhirnya, berlangsunglah kongres pertama dengan nama “international Conggress of Phonetic Sciences” pada tahun 1932 di Amsterdam. Kongres yang kedua diadakan di London pada tahun 1935, yang dihadiri oleh 262 orang ahli dari 29 negara. Kongres ketiga diadakan di Ghent (Belgia) pada tahun 1938 yang dihadiri 273 orang ahli dari 18 lembaga dan persatuan, 38 universitas, dan 32 negara. Sejak itulah telah banyak buku dan artikel mengenai fonetik yang terbit. Semua tulisan tersebut berpatokan pada prinsip-prinsip yang dikembangkan oleh IPA. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BEBERAPA TOKOH ILMU FONETIK</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Bertil Malmberg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bertil Malmberg (1968), seorang fonetisi Prancis, mendefinisikan fonetik sebagai pengkajian bunyi-bunyi bahasa. Fonetik adalah pengkajian yang lebih menitikberatkan pada ekspresi bahasa, bukan isinya. Yang dipentingkan adalah bunyi-bunyi bahasa yang dihasilkan penutur, bukan makna yang ingin disampaikan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menurut Bertil Malmberg, ilmu fonetik bisa dibagi menjadi empat cabang, yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ilmu fonetik umum: mengkaji terhadap penghasilan bunyi-bunyi dan fungsi mekanisme ucapan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ilmu fonetik deskriptif: mengkaji terhadap kelainan atau perbedaan bunyi bagi suatu bahasa tertentu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ilmu fonetik sejarah: mengkaji terhadap perubahan bunyi suatu bahasa berdasarkan sejarah bahasa tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ilmu fonetik normatif: mengkaji terhadap kaidah bunyi yang benar pada suatu bahasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">J.D. O'Connor</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">enurut O’Connor fonetik ialah ilmu yang bersangkut paut dengan bunyi-bunyi ujar yang di hasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia. Bunyi-bunyi yang dapat didengar ini kemudian diformulasikan sedemikian rupa sehingga menjadi kebiasaan yang terdapat dalam bahasa masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Seterusnya, formula bunyi-bunyi ini diberi “fungsi” tertentu sehingga dapat dipakai untuk menyampaikan pesan-pesan tertentu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menurut O’Connor, tingkah laku berkomunikasi berawal dari otak pembaca. Pada tahap ini, kita bisa beranggapan bahwa otak penutur mempunyai dua fungsi yang berbeda, yaitu fungsi kreatif <i>(creative function) </i>dan fungsi saluran <i>(forwarding function).</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">David Abercromcie </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">David Abererombie (1971) berpendapat bahwa fonetik ialah ilmu yang bersifat teknis. Dalam ilmu ini, suatu bahasa akan dilihat secara analitis, yaitu tidak saja mendengar percakapan, tetapi juga menyadari setiap gerak jasmani yang melatarbelakanginya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sewaktu kita bernapas misalnya, udara tidak dikeluarkan terus-menerus. Aliran uadara tidak berkelanjutan. Otot pernapasan tegang dan kendur berulang-ulang dalam satu pernapasan yang panjang. Rata-rata gerakan tegang-kendur otot pernapasan adalah lima kali dalam satu detik atau 300 kali dalam satu menit. Udara dikeluarkan dari paru-paru setiap kali hembusan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SKOP (BIDANG CAKUPAN), TUGAS, DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB FONETIS</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fonetisi lebih berminat untuk melihat bagaimana pergerakan udara di hubungkan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">dengan pergerakan organ-organ pertuturan dan koordinasi semua pergerakan ini</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sehingga menghasilkan bunyi. Yang diperhatikan fonetisi adalah pergerakan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">lidah, rahang, bibir, dan sebagainya ketika menghasilkan buny</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">bahasa dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">bentuk alat sinar-X</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> <i><span lang="IN">(X-ray).</span></i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fonetisi juga berminat bagaimana arus udara bergetar antara mulut penutur dan telinga pendengar. Bidang fonetik ini berkaitan dengan bidang ilmu fisika yang mengkaji masalah akustik. Alat-alat yang digunakan adalah alat yang biasa digunakan oleh ahli fisika, yaitu spektogram. Tujuan umum penggunaan alat ini adalah untuk mengukur kekerapan atau frekuensi dan luas getaran bunyi dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Pengkajian ini dikenal dengan pengkajian fonetik akustik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span class="post-author vcard"> <span class="fn"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/05691442149216287383" rel="author" title="author profile"> Eva Harista_Sean</a></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (http://eva-harista.blogspot.com)</span></div>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-17093028590314477652012-04-02T22:20:00.000-07:002012-04-02T22:20:09.618-07:00Ilmu Bahasa (Linguistik)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam berbagai kamus umum, linguistik didefinisikan sebagai ‘ilmu bahasa’ atau ‘studi ilmiah mengenai bahasa’ (Matthews 1997). Dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Oxford Dictionary of English</i> (2003), linguistik didefinisikan sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, comparative linguistics, and structural linguistics</i>.”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Program studi Ilmu Bahasa mulai jenjang S1 sampai S3, bahkan sampai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">post-doctoral program</i> telah banyak ditawarkan di universitas terkemuka, seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">University of California in Los Angeles</i> (UCLA), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harvard University,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Massachusett Institute of Technology </i>(MIT),<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> University of Edinburgh</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford University</i>. Di Indonesia, paling tidak ada dua universitas yang membuka program S1 sampai S3 untuk ilmu bahasa, yaitu Universitas Indonesia dan Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<h3>Sejarah Perkembangan Ilmu Bahasa</h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ilmu bahasa yang dipelajari saat ini bermula dari penelitian tentang bahasa sejak zaman Yunani (abad 6 SM). Secara garis besar studi tentang bahasa dapat dibedakan antara (1) tata bahasa tradisional dan (2) linguistik modern.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tata Bahasa Tradisional</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada zaman Yunani para filsuf meneliti apa yang dimaksud dengan bahasa dan apa hakikat bahasa. Para filsuf tersebut sependapat bahwa bahasa adalah sistem tanda. Dikatakan bahwa manusia hidup dalam tanda-tanda yang mencakup segala segi kehidupan manusia, misalnya bangunan, kedokteran, kesehatan, geografi, dan sebagainya. Tetapi mengenai hakikat bahasa – apakah bahasa mirip realitas atau tidak – mereka belum sepakat. Dua filsuf besar yang pemikirannya terus berpengaruh sampai saat ini adalah Plato dan Aristoteles.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Plato berpendapat bahwa bahasa adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">physei</i> atau mirip realitas; sedangkan Aristoteles mempunyai pendapat sebaliknya yaitu bahwa bahasa adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thesei</i> atau tidak mirip realitas kecuali onomatope dan lambang bunyi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(sound symbolism).</i> Pandangan Plato bahwa bahasa mirip dengan realitas atau non-arbitrer diikuti oleh kaum naturalis; pandangan Aristoteles bahwa bahasa tidak mirip dengan realitas atau arbitrer diikuti oleh kaum konvensionalis. Perbedaan pendapat ini juga merambah ke masalah keteraturan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(regular)</i> atau ketidakteraturan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(irregular) </i>dalam bahasa. Kelompok penganut pendapat adanya keteraturan bahasa adalah kaum analogis yang pandangannya tidak berbeda dengan kaum naturalis; sedangkan kaum anomalis yang berpendapat adanya ketidakteraturan dalam bahasa mewarisi pandangan kaum konvensionalis. Pandangan kaum anomalis mempengaruhi pengikut aliran Stoic. Kaum Stoic lebih tertarik pada masalah asal mula bahasa secara filosofis. Mereka membedakan adanya empat jenis kelas kata, yakni nomina, verba, konjungsi dan artikel.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%;">Pada awal abad 3 SM studi bahasa dikembangkan di kota Alexandria yang merupakan koloni Yunani. Di kota itu dibangun perpustakaan besar yang menjadi pusat penelitian bahasa dan kesusastraan. Para ahli dari kota itu yang disebut kaum Alexandrian meneruskan pekerjaan kaum Stoic, walaupun mereka sebenarnya termasuk kaum analogis. Sebagai kaum analogis mereka mencari keteraturan dalam bahasa dan berhasil membangun pola infleksi bahasa Yunani. Apa yang dewasa ini disebut "tata bahasa tradisional" atau " tata bahasa Yunani" , penamaan itu tidak lain didasarkan pada hasil karya kaum Alexandrian ini.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Salah seorang ahli bahasa bemama Dionysius Thrax (akhir abad 2 SM) merupakan orang pertama yang berhasil membuat aturan tata bahasa secara sistematis serta menambahkan kelas kata adverbia, partisipel, pronomina dan preposisi terhadap empat kelas kata yang sudah dibuat oleh kaum Stoic. Di samping itu sarjana ini juga berhasil mengklasifikasikan kata-kata bahasa Yunani menurut kasus, jender, jumlah, kala, diatesis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(voice)</i> dan modus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengaruh tata bahasa Yunani sampai ke kerajaan Romawi. Para ahli tata bahasa Latin mengadopsi tata bahasa Yunani dalam meneliti bahasa Latin dan hanya melakukan sedikit modifikasi, karena kedua bahasa itu mirip. Tata bahasa Latin dibuat atas dasar model tata bahasa Dionysius Thrax. Dua ahli bahasa lainnya, Donatus (tahun 400 M) dan Priscian (tahun 500 M) juga membuat buku tata bahasa klasik dari bahasa Latin yang berpengaruh sampai ke abad pertengahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Selama abad 13-15 bahasa Latin memegang peranan penting dalam dunia pendidikan di samping dalam agama Kristen. Pada masa itu gramatika tidak lain adalah teori tentang kelas kata. Pada masa Renaisans bahasa Latin menjadi sarana untuk memahami kesusastraan dan mengarang. Tahun 1513 Erasmus mengarang tata bahasa Latin atas dasar tata bahasa yang disusun oleh Donatus. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Minat meneliti bahasa-bahasa di Eropa sebenarnya sudah dimulai sebelum zaman Renaisans, antara lain dengan ditulisnya tata bahasa Irlandia (abad 7 M), tata bahasa Eslandia (abad 12), dan sebagainya. Pada masa itu bahasa menjadi sarana dalam kesusastraan, dan bila menjadi objek penelitian di universitas tetap dalam kerangka tradisional. Tata bahasa dianggap sebagai seni berbicara dan menulis dengan benar. Tugas utama tata bahasa adalah memberi petunjuk tentang pemakaian "bahasa yang baik" , yaitu bahasa kaum terpelajar. Petunjuk pemakaian "bahasa yang baik" ini adalah untuk menghindarkan terjadinya pemakaian unsur-unsur yang dapat "merusak" bahasa seperti kata serapan, ragam percakapan, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tradisi tata bahasa Yunani-Latin berpengaruh ke bahasa-bahasa Eropa lainnya. Tata bahasa Dionysius Thrax pada abad 5 diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Armenia, kemudian ke dalam bahasa Siria. Selanjutnya para ahli tata bahasa Arab menyerap tata bahasa Siria. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%;">Selain di Eropa dan Asia Barat, penelitian bahasa di Asia Selatan yang perlu diketahui adalah di India dengan ahli gramatikanya yang bemama Panini (abad 4 SM). Tata bahasa Sanskrit yang disusun ahli ini memiliki kelebihan di bidang fonetik. Keunggulan ini antara lain karena adanya keharusan untuk melafalkan dengan benar dan tepat doa dan nyanyian dalam kitab suci Weda. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sampai menjelang zaman Renaisans, bahasa yang diteliti adalah bahasa Yunani, dan Latin. Bahasa Latin mempunyai peran penting pada masa itu karena digunakan sebagai sarana dalam dunia pendidikan, administrasi dan diplomasi internasional di Eropa Barat. Pada zaman Renaisans penelitian bahasa mulai berkembang ke bahasa-bahasa Roman (bahasa Prancis, Spanyol, dan Italia) yang dianggap berindukkan bahasa Latin, juga kepada bahasa-bahasa yang nonRoman seperti bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Belanda, Swedia, dan Denmark.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Linguistik Modern</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1 Linguistik Abad 19</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada abad 19 bahasa Latin sudah tidak digunakan lagi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, maupun dalam pemerintahan atau pendidikan. Objek penelitian adalah bahasa-bahasa yang dianggap mempunyai hubungan kekerabatan atau berasal dari satu induk bahasa. Bahasa-bahasa dikelompokkan ke dalam keluarga bahasa atas dasar kemiripan fonologis dan morfologis. Dengan demikian dapat diperkirakan apakah bahasa-bahasa tertentu berasal dari bahasa moyang yang sama atau berasal dari bahasa proto yang sama sehingga secara genetis terdapat hubungan kekerabatan di antaranya. Bahasa-bahasa Roman, misalnya secara genetis dapat ditelusuri berasal dari bahasa Latin yang menurunkan bahasa Perancis, Spanyol, dan Italia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui hubungan genetis di antara bahasa-bahasa dilakukan metode komparatif. Antara tahun 1820-1870 para ahli linguistik berhasil membangun hubungan sistematis di antara bahasa-bahasa Roman berdasarkan struktur fonologis dan morfologisnya. Pada tahun 1870 itu para ahli bahasa dari kelompok Junggramatiker atau Neogrammarian berhasil menemukan cara untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan antarbahasa berdasarkan metode komparatif.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">Beberapa rumpun bahasa yang berhasil direkonstruksikan sampai dewasa ini antara lain:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Indo-Eropa: bahasa Jerman, Indo-Iran, Armenia, Baltik, Slavis, Roman, Keltik, Gaulis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Semito-Hamit: bahasa Arab, Ibrani, Etiopia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Chari-Nil; bahasa Bantu, Khoisan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Dravida: bahasa Telugu, Tamil, Kanari, Malayalam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Austronesia atau Melayu-Polinesia: bahasa Melayu, Melanesia, Polinesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Austro-Asiatik: bahasa Mon-Khmer, Palaung, Munda, Annam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Finno-Ugris: bahasa Ungar (Magyar), Samoyid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Altai: bahasa Turki, Mongol, Manchu, Jepang, Korea.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Paleo-Asiatis: bahasa-bahasa di Siberia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Sino-Tibet: bahasa Cina, Thai, Tibeto-Burma.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumpun Kaukasus: bahasa Kaukasus Utara, Kaukasus Selatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahasa-bahasa Indian: bahasa Eskimo, Maya Sioux, Hokan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahasa-bahasa lain seperti bahasa di Papua, Australia dan Kadai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ciri linguistik abad 19 sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 31.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penelitian bahasa dilakukan terhadap bahasa-bahasa di Eropa, baik bahasa-bahasa Roman maupun nonRoman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 31.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bidang utama penelitian adalah linguistik historis komparatif. Yang diteliti adalah hubungan kekerabatan dari bahasa-bahasa di Eropa untuk mengetahui bahasa-bahasa mana yang berasal dari induk yang sama. Dalam metode komparatif itu diteliti perubahan bunyi kata-kata dari bahasa yang dianggap sebagai induk kepada bahasa yang dianggap sebagai keturunannya. Misalnya perubahan bunyi apa yang terjadi dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">barang,</i> yang dalam bahasa Latin berbunyi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">causa</i> menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chose</i> dalam bahasa Perancis, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cosa</i> dalam bahasa Italia dan Spanyol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 31.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pendekatan bersifat atomistis. Unsur bahasa yang diteliti tidak dihubungkan dengan unsur lainnya, misalnya penelitian tentang kata tidak dihubungkan dengan frase atau kalimat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Linguistik Abad 20</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada abad 20 penelitian bahasa tidak ditujukan kepada bahasa-bahasa Eropa saja, tetapi juga kepada bahasa-bahasa yang ada di dunia seperti di Amerika (bahasa-bahasa Indian), Afrika (bahasa-bahasa Afrika) dan Asia (bahasa-bahasa Papua dan bahasa banyak negara di Asia). Ciri-cirinya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 41.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penelitian meluas ke bahasa-bahasa di Amerika, Afrika, dan Asia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 41.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pendekatan dalam meneliti bersifat strukturalistis, pada akhir abad 20 penelitian yang bersifat fungsionalis juga cukup menonjol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 41.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tata bahasa merupakan bagian ilmu dengan pembidangan yang semakin rumit. Secara garis besar dapat dibedakan atas mikrolinguistik, makro linguistik, dan sejarah linguistik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 41.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penelitian teoretis sangat berkembang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 41.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Otonomi ilmiah makin menonjol, tetapi penelitian antardisiplin juga berkembang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 41.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 41.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Prinsip dalam meneliti adalah deskripsi dan sinkronis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keberhasilan kaum Junggramatiker merekonstruksi bahasa-bahasa proto di Eropa mempengaruhi pemikiran para ahli linguistik abad 20, antara lain Ferdinand de Saussure. Sarjana ini tidak hanya dikenal sebagai bapak linguistik modern, melainkan juga seorang tokoh gerakan strukturalisme. Dalam strukturalisme bahasa dianggap sebagai sistem yang berkaitan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(system of relation).</i> Elemen-elemennya seperti kata, bunyi saling berkaitan dan bergantung dalam membentuk sistem tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beberapa pokok pemikiran Saussure:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahasa lisan lebih utama dari pada bahasa tulis. Tulisan hanya merupakan sarana yang mewakili ujaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Linguistik bersifat deskriptif, bukan preskriptif seperti pada tata bahasa tradisional. Para ahli linguistik bertugas mendeskripsikan bagaimana orang berbicara dan menulis dalam bahasanya, bukan memberi keputusan bagaimana seseorang seharusnya berbicara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penelitian bersifat sinkronis bukan diakronis seperti pada linguistik abad 19. Walaupun bahasa berkembang dan berubah, penelitian dilakukan pada kurun waktu tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahasa merupakan suatu sistem tanda yang bersisi dua, terdiri dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">signifiant</i> (penanda) dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">signifie</i> (petanda). Keduanya merupakan wujud yang tak terpisahkan, bila salah satu berubah, yang lain juga berubah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahasa formal maupun nonformal menjadi objek penelitian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahasa merupakan sebuah sistem relasi dan mempunyai struktur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dibedakan antara bahasa sebagai sistem yang terdapat dalam akal budi pemakai bahasa dari suatu kelompok sosial <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(langue)</i> dengan bahasa sebagai manifestasi setiap penuturnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(parole).</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dibedakan antara hubungan asosiatif dan sintagmatis dalam bahasa. Hubungan asosiatif atau paradigmatis ialah hubungan antarsatuan bahasa dengan satuan lain karena ada kesamaan bentuk atau makna. Hubungan sintagmatis ialah hubungan antarsatuan pembentuk sintagma dengan mempertentangkan suatu satuan dengan satuan lain yang mengikuti atau mendahului. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gerakan strukturalisme dari Eropa ini berpengaruh sampai ke benua Amerika. Studi bahasa di Amerika pada abad 19 dipengaruhi oleh hasil kerja akademis para ahli Eropa dengan nama deskriptivisme. Para ahli linguistik Amerika mempelajari bahasa-bahasa suku Indian secara deskriptif dengan cara menguraikan struktur bahasa. Orang Amerika banyak yang menaruh perhatian pada masalah bahasa. Thomas Jefferson, presiden Amerika yang ketiga (1801-1809), menganjurkan agar supaya para ahli linguistik Amerika mulai meneliti bahasa-bahasa orang Indian. Seorang ahli linguistik Amerika bemama William Dwight Whitney (1827-1894) menulis sejumlah buku mengenai bahasa, antara lain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Language and the Study of Language</i> (1867). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tokoh linguistik lain yang juga ahli antropologi adalah Franz Boas (1858-1942). Sarjana ini mendapat pendidikan di Jerman, tetapi menghabiskan waktu mengajar di negaranya sendiri. Karyanya berupa buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Handbook of American Indian languages</i> (1911-1922) ditulis bersama sejumlah koleganya. Di dalam buku tersebut terdapat uraian tentang fonetik, kategori makna dan proses gramatikal yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan makna. Pada tahun 1917 diterbitkan jurnal ilmiah berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Journal of American Linguistics.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengikut Boas yang berpendidikan Amerika, Edward Sapir (1884-1939), juga seorang ahli antropologi dinilai menghasilkan karya-karya yang sangat cemerlang di bidang fonologi. Bukunya, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Language</i> (1921) sebagian besar mengenai tipologi bahasa. Sumbangan Sapir yang patut dicatat adalah mengenai klasifikasi bahasa-bahasa Indian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemikiran Sapir berpengaruh pada pengikutnya, L. Bloomfield (1887-1949), yang melalui kuliah dan karyanya mendominasi dunia linguistik sampai akhir hayatnya. Pada tahun 1914 Bloomfield menulis buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Introduction to Linguistic Science.</i> Artikelnya juga banyak diterbitkan dalam jurnal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Language</i> yang didirikan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Linguistic Society of America</i> tahun 1924. Pada tahun 1933 sarjana ini menerbitkankan buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Language</i> yang mengungkapkan pandangan behaviorismenya tentang fakta bahasa, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stimulus-response</i> atau rangsangan-tanggapan. Teori ini dimanfaatkan oleh Skinner (1957) dari Universitas Harvard dalam pengajaran bahasa melalui teknik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">drill.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam bukunya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Language,</i> Bloomfield mempunyai pendapat yang bertentangan dengan Sapir. Sapir berpendapat fonem sebagai satuan psikologis, tetapi Bloomfield berpendapat fonem merupakan satuan behavioral. Bloomfield dan pengikutnya melakukan penelitian atas dasar struktur bahasa yang diteliti, karena itu mereka disebut kaum strukturalisme dan pandangannya disebut strukturalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 158%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 158%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bloomfield beserta pengikutnya menguasai percaturan linguistik selama lebih dari 20 tahun. Selama kurun waktu itu kaum Bloomfieldian berusaha menulis tata bahasa deskriptif dari bahasa-bahasa yang belum memiliki aksara. Kaum Bloomfieldian telah berjasa meletakkan dasar-dasar bagi penelitian linguistik di masa setelah itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 158%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 158%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bloomfield berpendapat fonologi, morfologi dan sintaksis merupakan bidang mandiri dan tidak berhubungan. Tata bahasa lain yang memperlakukan bahasa sebagai sistem hubungan adalah tata bahasa stratifikasi yang dipelopori oleh S.M. Lamb. Tata bahasa lainnya yang memperlakukan bahasa sebagai sistem unsur adalah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>tata bahasa tagmemik yang dipelopori oleh K. Pike. Menurut pendekatan ini setiap gatra diisi oleh sebuah elemen. Elemen ini bersama elemen lain membentuk suatu satuan yang disebut tagmem.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Murid Sapir lainnya, Zellig Harris, mengaplikasikan metode strukturalis ke dalam analisis segmen bahasa. Sarjana ini mencoba menghubungkan struktur morfologis, sintaktis, dan wacana dengan cara yang sama dengan yang dilakukan terhadap analisis fonologis. Prosedur penelitiannya dipaparkan dalam bukunya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Methods in Structural Linguistics</i> (1951).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 158%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 158%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ahli linguistik yang cukup produktif dalam membuat buku adalah Noam Chomsky. Sarjana inilah yang mencetuskan teori transformasi melalui bukunya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Syntactic Structures</i> (1957), yang kemudian disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">classical theory.</i> Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, teori transformasi dengan pokok pikiran kemampuan dan kinerja yang dicetuskannya melalui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aspects of the Theory of Syntax </i>(1965) disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">standard theory.</i> Karena pendekatan teori ini secara sintaktis tanpa menyinggung makna (semantik), teori ini disebut juga sintaksis generatif <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(generative syntax).</i> Pada tahun 1968 sarjana ini mencetuskan teori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extended standard theory.</i> Selanjutnya pada tahun 1970, Chomsky menulis buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">generative semantics;</i> tahun 1980 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">government and binding theory</i>; dan tahun 1993 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minimalist program.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3>Paradigma</h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">paradigma </i>diperkenalkan oleh Thomas Khun pada sekitar abad 15. Paradigma adalah prestasi ilmiah yang diakui pada suatu masa sebagai model untuk memecahkan masalah ilmiah dalam kalangan tertentu. Paradigma dapat dikatakan sebagai norma ilmiah. Contoh paradigma yang mulai tumbuh sejak zaman Yunani tetapi pengaruhnya tetap terasa sampai zaman modern ini adalah paradigma Plato dan paradigma Aristoteles. Paradigma Plato berintikan pendapat Plato bahwa bahasa adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">physei </i>atau<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>mirip dengan realitas, disebut juga non-arbitrer atau ikonis. Paradigma Aristoteles berintikan bahwa bahasa adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thesei </i>atau<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>tidak mirip dengan realitas, kecuali onomatope, disebut arbitrer atau non-ikonis. Kedua paradigma ini saling bertentangan, tetapi dipakai oleh peneliti dalam memecahkan masalah bahasa, misalnya tentang hakikat tanda bahasa. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 158%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 158%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada masa tertentu paradigma Plato banyak digunakan ahli bahasa untuk memecahkan masalah linguistik. Penganut paradigma Plato ini disebut kaum naturalis. Mereka menolak gagasan kearbitreran. Pada masa tertentu lainnya paradigma Aristoteles digunakan mengatasi masalah linguistik. Penganut paradigma Aristoteles disebut kaum konvensionalis. Mereka menerima adanya kearbiteran antara bahasa dengan realitas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 158%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 158%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pertentangan antara kedua paradigma ini terus berlangsung sampai abad 20. Di bidang linguistik dan semiotika dikenal tokoh Ferdinand de Saussure sebagai penganut paradigma .Aristoteles dan Charles S. Peirce sebagai penganut paradigma Plato. Mulai dari awal abad 19 sampai tahun 1960-an paradigma Aristoteles yang diikuti Saussure yang berpendapat bahwa bahasa adalah sistem tanda yang arbitrer digunakan dalam memecahkan masalah-masalah linguistik. Tercatat beberapa nama ahli linguistik seperti Bloomfield dan Chomsky yang dalam pemikirannya menunjukkan pengaruh Saussure dan paradigma Aristoteles. Menjelang pertengahan tahun 60-an dominasi paradigma Aristoteles mulai digoyahkan oleh paradigma Plato melalui artikel R. Jakobson "Quest for the Essence of Language" (1967) yang diilhami oleh Peirce. Beberapa nama ahli linguistik seperti T. Givon, J. Haiman, dan W. Croft tercatat sebagai penganut paradigma Plato.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3>Cakupan dan Kemaknawian Ilmu Bahasa</h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara umum, bidang ilmu bahasa dibedakan atas linguistik murni dan linguistik terapan. Bidang linguistik murni mencakup fonetik, fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, dan semantik. Sedangkan bidang linguistik terapan mencakup pengajaran bahasa, penerjemahan, leksikografi, dan lain-lain. Beberapa bidang tersebut dijelaskan dalam sub-bab berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fonetik</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fonetik mengacu pada artikulasi bunyi bahasa. Para ahli fonetik telah berhasil menentukan cara artikulasi dari berbagai bunyi bahasa dan membuat abjad fonetik internasional sehingga memudahkan seseorang untuk mempelajari dan mengucapkan bunyi yang tidak ada dalam bahasa ibunya. Misalnya dalam bahasa Inggris ada perbedaan yang nyata antara bunyi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tin</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thin</i>, dan antara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">they </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">day</i>, sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia tidak. Dengan mempelajari fonetik, orang Indonesia akan dapat mengucapkan kedua bunyi tersebut dengan tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Abjad fonetik internasional, yang didukung oleh laboratorium fonetik, departemen linguistik, UCLA, penting dipelajari oleh semua pemimpin, khususnya pemimpin negara. Dengan kemampuan membaca abjad fonetik secara tepat, seseorang dapat memberikan pidato dalam ratusan bahasa. Misalnya, jika seorang pemimpin di Indonesia mengadakan kunjungan ke Cina, ia cukup meminta staf-nya untuk menerjemahkan pidatonya ke bahasa Cina dan menulisnya dengan abjad fonetik, sehingga ia dapat memberikan pidato dalam bahasa Cina dengan ucapan yang tepat. Salah seorang pemimpin yang telah memanfaatkan abjad fonetik internasional adalah Paus Yohanes Paulus II. Ke negara manapun beliau berkunjung, beliau selalu memberikan khotbah dengan menggunakan bahasa setempat. Apakah hal tersebut berarti bahwa beliau memahami semua bahasa di dunia? Belum tentu, namun cukup belajar fonetik saja untuk mampu mengucapkan bunyi ratusan bahasa dengan tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fonologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fonologi mengacu pada sistem bunyi bahasa. Misalnya dalam bahasa Inggris, ada gugus konsonan yang secara alami sulit diucapkan oleh penutur asli bahasa Inggris karena tidak sesuai dengan sistem fonologis bahasa Inggris, namun gugus konsonan tersebut mungkin dapat dengan mudah diucapkan oleh penutur asli bahasa lain yang sistem fonologisnya terdapat gugus konsonan tersebut. Contoh sederhana adalah pengucapan gugus ‘ng’ pada awal kata, hanya berterima dalam sistem fonologis bahasa Indonesia, namun tidak berterima dalam sistem fonologis bahasa Inggris. Kemaknawian utama dari pengetahuan akan sistem fonologi ini adalah dalam pemberian nama untuk suatu produk, khususnya yang akan dipasarkan di dunia internasional. Nama produk tersebut tentunya akan lebih baik jika disesuaikan dengan sistem fonologis bahasa Inggris, sebagai bahasa internasional.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Morfologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Morfologi lebih banyak mengacu pada analisis unsur-unsur pembentuk kata. Sebagai perbandingan sederhana, seorang ahli farmasi (atau kimia?) perlu memahami zat apa yang dapat bercampur dengan suatu zat tertentu untuk menghasilkan obat flu yang efektif; sama halnya seorang ahli linguistik bahasa Inggris perlu memahami imbuhan apa yang dapat direkatkan dengan suatu kata tertentu untuk menghasilkan kata yang benar. Misalnya akhiran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">en</i> dapat direkatkan dengan kata sifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dark</i> untuk membentuk kata kerja <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">darken</i>, namun akhiran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">en</i> tidak dapat direkatkan dengan kata sifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">green</i> untuk membentuk kata kerja. Alasannya tentu hanya dapat dijelaskan oleh ahli bahasa, sedangkan pengguna bahasa boleh saja langsung menggunakan kata tersebut. Sama halnya, alasan ketentuan pencampuran zat-zat kimia hanya diketahui oleh ahli farmasi, sedangkan pengguna obat boleh saja langsung menggunakan obat flu tersebut, tanpa harus mengetahui proses pembuatannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sintaksis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analisis sintaksis mengacu pada analisis frasa dan kalimat. Salah satu kemaknawiannya adalah perannya dalam perumusan peraturan perundang-undangan. Beberapa teori analisis sintaksis dapat menunjukkan apakah suatu kalimat atau frasa dalam suatu peraturan perundang-undangan bersifat ambigu (bermakna ganda) atau tidak. Jika bermakna ganda, tentunya perlu ada penyesuaian tertentu sehingga peraturan perundang-undangan tersebut tidak disalahartikan baik secara sengaja maupun tidak sengaja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Semantik</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kajian semantik membahas mengenai makna bahasa. Analisis makna dalam hal ini mulai dari suku kata sampai kalimat. Analisis semantik mampu menunjukkan bahwa dalam bahasa Inggris, setiap kata yang memiliki suku kata ‘pl’ memiliki arti sesuatu yang datar sehingga tidak cocok untuk nama produk/benda yang cekung. Ahli semantik juga dapat membuktikan suku kata apa yang cenderung memiliki makna yang negatif, sehingga suku kata tersebut seharusnya tidak digunakan sebagai nama produk asuransi. Sama halnya dengan seorang dokter yang mengetahui antibiotik apa saja yang sesuai untuk seorang pasien dan mana yang tidak sesuai. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajaran Bahasa</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText2">Ahli bahasa adalah guru dan/atau pelatih bagi para guru bahasa. Ahli bahasa dapat menentukan secara ilmiah kata-kata apa saja yang perlu diajarkan bagi pelajar bahasa tingkat dasar. Para pelajar hanya langsung mempelajari kata-kata tersebut tanpa harus mengetahui bagaimana kata-kata tersebut disusun. Misalnya kata-kata dalam buku-buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Basic English</i>. Para pelajar (dan guru bahasa Inggris dasar) tidak harus mengetahui bahwa yang dimaksud <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Basic</i> adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">B(ritish), A(merican), S(cientific), I(nternational), C(ommercial)</span></i><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">, yang pada awalnya diolah pada tahun 1930an oleh ahli linguistik C. K. Ogden. Pada masa awal tersebut, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Basic English</i> terdiri atas 850 kata utama. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">Selanjutnya, pada tahun 1953, Michael West menyusun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General Service List</i> yang berisikan dua kelompok kata utama (masing-masing terdiri atas 1000 kata) yang diperlukan oleh pelajar untuk dapat berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris. Daftar tersebut terus dikembangkan oleh berbagai universitas ternama yang memiliki jurusan linguistik. Pada tahun 1998, Coxhead dari Victoria University or Wellington, berhasil menyelesaikan suatu proyek kosakata akademik yang dilakukan di semua fakultas di universitas tersebut dan menghasilkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Academic Wordlist</i>, yaitu daftar kata-kata yang wajib diketahui oleh mahasiswa dalam membaca buku teks berbahasa Inggris, menulis laporan dalam bahasa Inggris, dan tujuannya lainnya yang bersifat akademik.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses penelitian hingga menjadi materi pelajaran atau buku bahasa Inggris yang bermanfaat hanya diketahui oleh ahli bahasa yang terkait, sedangkan pelajar bahasa dapat langung mempelajari dan memperoleh manfaatnya. Sama halnya dalam ilmu kedokteran, proses penelitian hingga menjadi obat yang bermanfaat hanya diketahui oleh dokter, sedangkan pasien dapat langsung menggunakannya dan memperoleh manfaatnya. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4. 7 Leksikografi</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Leksikografi adalah bidang ilmu bahasa yang mengkaji cara pembuatan kamus. Sebagian besar (atau bahkan semua) sarjana memiliki kamus, namun mereka belum tentu tahu bahwa penulisan kamus yang baik harus melalui berbagai proses.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">Dua nama besar yang mengawali penyusunan kamus adalah Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) dan Noah Webster (1758-1843). Johnson, ahli bahasa dari Inggris, membuat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dictionary of the English Language</i> pada tahun 1755, yang terdiri atas dua volume. Di Amerika, Webster pertama kali membuat kamus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An American Dictionary of the English Language</i> pada tahun 1828, yang juga terdiri atas dua volume. Selanjutnya, pada tahun 1884 diterbitkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford English Dictionary</i> yang terdiri atas 12 volume.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">Saat ini, kamus umum yang cukup luas digunakan adalah Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Mengapa kamus Oxford? Beberapa orang mungkin secara sederhana akan menjawab karena kamus tersebut lengkap dan cukup mudah dimengerti. Tidak banyak yang tahu bahwa (setelah tahun 1995) kamus tersebut ditulis berdasarkan hasil analisis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">British National Corpus</i> yang melibatkan cukup banyak ahli bahasa dan menghabiskan dana universitas dan dana negara yang jumlahnya cukup besar. Secara umum, definisi yang diberikan dalam kamus tersebut seharusnya dapat mudah dipahami oleh pelajar karena semua entri dalam kamus tersebut hanya didefinisikan oleh sekelompok kosa kata inti. Bagaimana kosa-kata inti tersebut disusun? Tentu hanya ahli bahasa yang dapat menjelaskannya, sedangkan para sarjana dan pelajar dapat langsung saja menikmati dan menggunakan berbagai kamus Oxford yang ada dipasaran.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;"> </span> </div><div class="MsoBodyText2"> Penutup</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penelitian bahasa sudah dimulai sejak abad ke 6 SM, bahkan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">perpustakaan besar yang menjadi pusat penelitian bahasa dan kesusastraan sudah dibangun sejak awal abad 3 SM di kota Alexandria. <span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">Kamus bahasa Inggris, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dictionary of the English Language</i>, yang terdiri atas dua volume, pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1755; dan pada tahun 1884 telah diterbitkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford English Dictionary</i> yang terdiri atas 12 volume. </span>Antara 1820-1870 para ahli linguistik berhasil membangun hubungan sistematis di antara bahasa-bahasa Roman berdasarkan struktur fonologis dan morfologisnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Salah satu buku awal yang menjelaskan mengenai ilmu bahasa adalah buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Introduction to Linguistic Science</i> yang ditulis oleh Bloomfield pada tahun 1914. Jurnal ilmiah internasional ilmu bahasa, yang berjudul <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1917.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">Ilmu bahasa terus berkembang dan semakin memainkan peran penting dalam dunia ilmu pengetahuan. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan semakin majunya program pascasarjana bidang linguistik di berbagai universitas terkemuka (UCLA, MIT, Oxford, dll). Buku-buku karya ahli bahasa pun semakin mendapat perhatian. Salah satu buktinya adalah buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Comprehensive Grammar of the English Langauge</i>, yang terdiri atas 1778 halaman, yang acara peluncurannya di buka oleh Margareth Thatcher, pada tahun 1985. Respon yang luar biasa terhadap buku tersebut membuatnya dicetak sebanyak tiga kali dalam tahun yang sama. Buku tata bahasa yang terbaru, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>, tahun 2002, yang terdiri atas 1842 halaman, ditulis oleh para ahli bahasa yang tergabung dalam tim peneliti internasional dari lima negara. </div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">Pustaka Acuan</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="layout-grid-mode: line;">Robins, R.H. 1990. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Short History of Linguistics</i>. London: Longman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fromkin, Victoria & Robert Rodman. 1998. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Introduction to Language</i> (6th Edition). Orlando: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hornby, A.S. 1995. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary</i> (5th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">Matthews, Peter. 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Deny A. Kwary</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5349386529998028837.post-75996024242771439802012-04-02T20:02:00.004-07:002012-04-02T20:21:23.743-07:00Video for IPA<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Phonetics is concerned with how sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived.</span><br />
To make the material clear, you can download the materials related to how the sounds produced.<br />
the followings are the materials I mean.<br />
The video IPA for vowels can be seen <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19045167/YouTube-IPAVOWELS.flv.html">here</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%09http://www.ziddu.com/download/19045167/YouTube-IPAVOWELS.flv.html"> </a><br />
The video IPA for consonant can be seen <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19045165/YouTube-IPACONSONANTS.flv.html">here</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%09http://www.ziddu.com/download/19045165/YouTube-IPACONSONANTS.flv.html"> </a><br />
The video IPA for diphthongs can be seen <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19045166/YouTube-IPADIPHTHONGS.flv.html">in this link</a>nawawi elfatruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10161747484309254349noreply@blogger.com0